BACKGROUND: The dissipation behavior, pre-harvest interval and dietary risk of carbosulfan, dimethoate, and their relevant metabolites were investigated in greenhouse cucumber in Tianjin, northern China, to ensure raw consumption safety. RESULTS: Carbosulfan was metabolized to carbofuran, dibutylamine, 3-hydroxycarbofuran and 3-ketocarbofuran, and dimethoate was degraded to omethoate in cucumber fruits and leaves. The dissipation of carbosulfan, carbofuran, 3-hydroxycarbofuran and dimethoate fitted first-order kinetics well, with R2 ranging from 0.912 to 0.992, and their half-lives were 2.6, 2.7, 2.4 and 5.2 days in cucumber fruits and 2.8, 3.0, 4.6 and 2.5 days in leaves, respectively. The estimated daily intakes of the active ingredients and their relevant metabolites were 0.1-4% of the corresponding acceptable daily intakes. Acute oral exposure to carbofuran (a metabolite of carbosulfan) represented 367% of the acute reference dose (ARfD) for 1-6-year-old Chinese children and 227% for the general Chinese population. CONCLUSION: A minimum pre-harvest interval of 12 days for carbosulfan is proposed to ensure safe consumption of cucumber. The slow dissipation rate of omethoate in cucumber reveals that a longer pre-harvest interval (≥ 27 days) is necessary to prevent dietary risk when dimethoate is applied to cucumber.
BACKGROUND: The dissipation behavior, pre-harvest interval and dietary risk of carbosulfan, dimethoate, and their relevant metabolites were investigated in greenhouse cucumber in Tianjin, northern China, to ensure raw consumption safety. RESULTS:Carbosulfan was metabolized to carbofuran, dibutylamine, 3-hydroxycarbofuran and 3-ketocarbofuran, and dimethoate was degraded to omethoate in cucumber fruits and leaves. The dissipation of carbosulfan, carbofuran, 3-hydroxycarbofuran and dimethoate fitted first-order kinetics well, with R2 ranging from 0.912 to 0.992, and their half-lives were 2.6, 2.7, 2.4 and 5.2 days in cucumber fruits and 2.8, 3.0, 4.6 and 2.5 days in leaves, respectively. The estimated daily intakes of the active ingredients and their relevant metabolites were 0.1-4% of the corresponding acceptable daily intakes. Acute oral exposure to carbofuran (a metabolite of carbosulfan) represented 367% of the acute reference dose (ARfD) for 1-6-year-old Chinese children and 227% for the general Chinese population. CONCLUSION: A minimum pre-harvest interval of 12 days for carbosulfan is proposed to ensure safe consumption of cucumber. The slow dissipation rate of omethoate in cucumber reveals that a longer pre-harvest interval (≥ 27 days) is necessary to prevent dietary risk when dimethoate is applied to cucumber.