Microfluidic Paper-based Analytical Devices for Determination of Creatinine in Urine Samples.

Simple, low-cost and portable microfluidic paper-based analytical devices (μPADs) for determination of creatinine in urine samples were developed. The methodology was based on Jaffé reaction between the creatinine and picric acid in alkaline conditions, generating a colorimetric creatinine-alkaline picrate complex. The product exhibits an orange color that is clearly visible on the μPADs. The color intensity of the complex, which is indicative of the concentration of creatinine, is then quantitatively determined using ImageJ software. Various experimental parameters were optimized to achieve the best performance of the μPADs. Under the optimum conditions, a wide linear range was obtained in the range of 0.2 - 1 mM with a limit of detection and limit of quantitation of 0.08 and 0.26 mM, respectively. The accuracy of the proposed method was in good agreement with the standard Jaffé method. Finally, the developed devices were successfully applied for the determination of creatinine in urine samples.