Revision of the species of Lytopylus from Area de Conservación Guanacaste, northwestern Costa Rica (Hymenoptera, Braconidae, Agathidinae).

Thirty two new species of Lytopylus (Agathidinae) are described with image plates for each species: Lytopylus alejandromasisisp. n., Lytopylus alfredomainierisp. n., Lytopylus anamariamongeaesp. n., Lytopylus angelagonzalezaesp. n., Lytopylus cesarmoraisp. n., Lytopylus eddysanchezisp. n., Lytopylus eliethcantillanoaesp. n., Lytopylus ericchapmanisp. n., Lytopylus gahyunaesp. n., Lytopylus gisukaesp. n., Lytopylus guillermopereiraisp. n., Lytopylus gustavoinduniisp. n., Lytopylus hartmanguidoisp. n., Lytopylus hernanbravoisp. n., Lytopylus hokwonisp. n., Lytopylus ivanniasandovalaesp. n., Lytopylus johanvalerioisp. n., Lytopylus josecortesisp. n., Lytopylus luisgaritaisp. n., Lytopylus mariamartachavarriaesp. n., Lytopylus miguelviquezisp. n., Lytopylus motohasegawaisp. n., Lytopylus okchunaesp. n., Lytopylus pablocobbisp. n., Lytopylus robertofernandezisp. n., Lytopylus rogerblancoisp. n., Lytopylus salvadorlopezisp. n., Lytopylus sangyeonisp. n., Lytopylus sarahmeierottoaesp. n., Lytopylus sergiobermudezisp. n., Lytopylus sigifredomarinisp. n., and Lytopylus youngcheaesp. n. A dichotomous key and a link to an electronic, interactive key are included. All specimens were reared from Lepidoptera larvae collected in Area de Conservación Guanacaste (ACG) and all are associated with ecological information including host caterpillar, collection date, eclosion date, caterpillar food plant, and locality. Neighbor-joining and maximum likelihood analyses of the barcode region of the mitochondrial cytochrome c oxidase subunit I gene (COI DNA barcode) were conducted to aid in species delimitation.

Introduction

contains approximately 1,200 described species (Yu et al. 2012), making it a moderately species-rich subfamily of . All members of are koinobiont endoparasitoids of larvae (Sharkey 2006) meaning that they are internal parasitoids that enter early instar host larvae and their hosts continue to develop before being consumed in the last instar or prepupal parasitoid stage. Over most of its history, was considered a junior synonym of Fabricius, Nees, or Latreille. Sharkey et al. (2016) removed the genus from synonymy and synonymized Enderlein, 1920, Enderlein, 1920, and Sharkey, 2006, under it, thereby including six species in the genus, i.e., Viereck, 1905, Enderlein, 1920, Sharkey, 2006, Sharkey, 2006, Muesebeck, 1927, Enderlein, 1920, (Schrottky, 1902). Only one species of has a published host association: (Shenefelt 1970) is a parasitoid of the potato tuber-worm (Zeller 1873) in the .

Although this article appears to be the second taxonomic revision of Forster, 1862 from Area de Conservación Guanacaste (ACG), the revision by Sharkey et al. (2011) employed the name in error and later Sharkey et al. (2016) transferred all of species described under in that paper to Szépligeti, 1902.

This work focuses on specimens of reared from larvae collected by Drs Janzen and Hallwachs and the team of ACG parataxonomists since 1978 in the ACG (Janzen et al. 2009, Janzen and Hallwachs 2011, 2016). All are associated with ecological information including host caterpillar, collection date, eclosion date, caterpillar food plant, and locality. COI mitochondrial DNA barcodes for most specimens are deposited in the Barcode of Life Datasystem (BOLD) (http://www.boldsystems.org) (Hebert et al. 2003) and are equally available at http://janzen.sas.upenn.edu. The sequence data are publicly available through the Public Data Portal of BOLD (http://www.boldsystems.org/index.php/Public_BINSearch?searchtype=records).

We include an image plate for each species, a traditional identification key and a digital web-based interactive key; both have illustrations of morphological characters (https://www.dropbox.com/s/j9xongce1qrav5j/Revised%20Lytopylus%20Interactive%20key.zip?dl=0). A diagnoses and descriptions are provided for thirty-two new species and one previously described species.

Methods

Species concepts

We use Mayr’s (1969) biological species concept, i.e., a species consists of a group of natural populations that are reproductively isolated from other groups. Because insect taxonomists usually work with dead specimens, delimitation of insect species is based on methods that indirectly infer reproductive isolation rather than direct observation, i.e., similarity in morphological, molecular (COI DNA sequences), geography, and host use data if recorded.

Specimen information

Most specimens, and all holotypes, are deposited in the insect collection in the Biology Department of Utah State University (USU) Logan, Utah. Duplicates are in the Hymenoptera Institute Collection (HIC), Entomology Department, University of Kentucky and those from ACG will eventually be deposited in a major North American Museum. The detailed parasitoid specimen records are available by search of the individual specimen DHJPARxxxxxxx voucher codes on Janzen’s database (http://janzen.sas.upenn.edu/caterpillars/database.lasso). Host caterpillars are uniquely identified by their own voucher code system, which is recognizable by YY-SRNP-XXXXX where “YY” is the two-digit year and “XXXXX” is a unique number within that year. Some of the host caterpillars are incompletely identified, but they also have unique names such as Janzen512, which is an interim name for species 512 as determined by a biodiversity specialist of the ACG team or a professional taxonomist who provides the proper genus epithet. These names will be updated in the database when the species is blessed with a formal scientific name, but the interim name, in this case Janzen512, will remain searchable in that database.

Morphological analysis

Morphological characters were recorded using the DELTA Editor (v. 1.02; Dallwitz et al. 1999). The DELTA Editor was used to enter the data for both interactive (web-based) and traditional printed keys (https://www.dropbox.com/s/j9xongce1qrav5j/Revised%20Lytopylus%20Interactive%20key.zip?dl=0). Images to illustrate the couplets were taken by a JVC digital camera fixed on microscopes and stacked with the program Automontage. Plates for each species were arranged using Adobe Photoshop Elements 12. The morphological terms mostly follow Sharkey and Wharton (1997) and are coordinated with the Hymenoptera Anatomy Ontology (HAO, Yoder et al. 2010). The minimum number of characters necessary to distinguish a species from all other species in this study is included in a diagnosis for each species. Descriptions, based on the holotype of each species, were automatically generated using DELTA.

DNA extraction, PCR, and sequencing

271 COI DNA sequences were sourced from the BOLD database. DNA was extracted by the Centre for Biodiversity Genomics using a glass fibre protocol (Ivanova et al. 2006). Extracts were resuspended in 30 μL dH2O, and a 658-bp region near the 5’ terminus of the CO1 gene was amplified using standard insect primers LepF1 (5’-ATTCAACCAATCATAAAGATATTGG-3’) and LepR1 (5’-TAAACTTCTGGATGTCCAAAAAATC A-3’) following the established protocols (Smith et al. 2008). If initial amplification failed, other amplifications were conducted following the established protocols using internal primer pairs, LepF1-C113R (130 bp) or LepF1-C_ANTMR1D (300 bp) and MLepF1-LepR1 (400 bp) to generate shorter overlapping sequences (Smith et al. 2008).

For the specimens which DNA sequences were not available in BOLD, DNA was extracted from individual legs at University of Kentucky (UKY) with Qiagen DNeasy Blood and Tissue Kit following the manufacturer’s animal tissue protocol (Qiagen Inc., Chatsworth, California, USA).

COI was amplified from extracted DNA using the forward primer mlCOIintF (Leray et al. 2013) and reverse primer jgHCO2198 (Geller et al. 2013). Unique 9 bp tags, designed using Barcode Generator (available from http://comailab.genomecenter.ucdavis.edu/index.php/Barcode_generator) were attached to the primers so that each sequence could be traced to its parent specimen by the unique combination of tags. PCR was performed using Takara reagents consisted of 10X buffer, 2.5 μM nucleotides, 1 μM of each primer, 0.125 U Takara Ex Taq, 2 μL template DNA and enough ddH2O for a total reaction volume of 25 μL. We followed the “touchdown” thermal cycling protocol for these primers as outlined in Leray et al. (2013).

COI PCR DNA products, in addition to those from BOLD, were sequenced on an Illumina MiSeq system at the UKY Genomics Core Laboratory.

DNA assembly and phylogenetic analysis

Individual directional reads were downloaded from BOLD (produced by Sanger sequencing) and were edited and assembled using Geneious Pro (v. 6.1.6; Drummond et al. 2010) with the default settings. Edited sequences were stored in the NEXUS file format. The three sequences produced by NGS at UKY were included in the file of edited sequences. NGS sequencing data was assembled using PEAR (Zhang et al. 2013) and demultiplexed using custom Phython scripts. Among all bidirectional reads from each specimen, the 1st and 2nd most numerous reads were manually retrieved from the output file. The sequences were then queried against the GenBank nucleotide library using NCBI BLAST (https://blast.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/Blast.cgi) and those that were highly similar to specimens were retained. Finally, three COI sequences were exported from the FASTQ file and added to the file of edited sequences. The multiple sequence alignment was assembled on the MAFFT server (http://www.ebi.ac.uk/Tools/msa/mafft/; v. 7; Katoh et al. 2013) using the default settings.

A NJ tree (Saitou and Nei 1987) was constructed by using PAUP* (v. 4.0β10; Swofford 2003) using the p-distance setting. ML analyses were performed using Garli (v. 2.01; Zwickl 2006). For ML, the data were partitioned by codon position for COI PageBreak(three partitions). We applied the most complex model available (GTR+I+G; Rodriguez et al. 1990) to each partition as per recommendations of Huelsenbeck and Rannala (2004) for likelihood-based analyses. Garli applies separate parameter estimates to each partition. A 20-replicate ML analysis was performed using default settings. Additionally, a ML bootstrap analysis (minimum 500 replicates) was conducted to assess nodal support (Garli, default settings). The COI data set analyzed herein is available from the senior author upon request.

Host use

Besides the notes included here additional data can be accessed at http://janzen.sas.upenn.edu (Janzen et al. 2009).

Species delimitation

The NJ tree and the tree of highest log-likelihood from 20 ML search reps in Fig. 1 and Fig. 2 were based solely on COI. These trees were constructed solely to assist in the delimitation of species. Molecular species concepts were initially based on the NJ tree and were compared to the best ML tree with COI data. The 2% genetic distance cut-off, which has been a conventional threshold for species delimitation using COI barcodes (Jones et al. 2011) and has been used in the Barcode Index Numbers (BINs) (http://www.barcodinglife.org/index.php/Public_BarcodeIndexNumber_Home), was used to cluster putative species (Smith et al. 2013). Morphological and host use data were then employed to make final decisions when genetic distances between putative molecular species were near the 2% threshold or below it, as is necessary for other groups of insects (e.g., Janzen et al. 2017).

Figure 1.

The NJ tree of the COI DNA barcode region for twenty-nine of the thirty-three species treated here. Triangles represent collapsed clades; their lengths (measured horizontally) represent the distance from the most basal node to the apex of the longest branch. The number of specimens in each triangle is given in parentheses following the species name. The node labeled with a red “A” is discussed in the text.

Figure 2.

Tree of highest log-likelihood from 20 ML search reps of the COI data set. Terminals with bold-faced type indicate species described herein. ML bootstrap values appear above the branches. Triangles represent collapsed clades; their lengths (measured horizontally) represent the distance from the most basal node to the apex of the longest branch. The number of specimens in each triangle is given in parentheses following the species name. The node labeled with a red “A” is discussed in the text.

Results and discussion

The NJ tree and the highest log-likelihood ML tree with COI data both suggest twenty-eight molecular species, and twenty-eight putative species were clustered using the 2% genetic distance cut-off.

Before running the molecular analyses I.K. and M.S. independently sorted the specimens to morphospecies and had error rates of 62% and 54% respectively based on our final species delimitations. All possible types of errors were discovered, i.e., clumping, splitting, and both clumping and splitting (mixing the members of two or more species). In contrast the molecular species concepts matched with our final species delimitations at 96.6%. The implications for previous taxonomic PageBreaktreatments of braconids (and other speciose small tropical insects) based solely on morphology are dire.

The sole incongruity between molecular species concepts and final species concepts concerned and . The genetic variation between these two species was 0.4%, and the ML tree grouped them together (Fig. 2, node A). We, however, delimited them as separate species because they are morphologically distinct in their strikingly different color patterns, and the NJ tree recovered these two species as monophylic sister taxa. (Fig. 1, node A). In addition, they attack different species of host caterpillars with different feeding niches.

The four species (, , , ) for which genetic data were not available were delimited using morphological and host data.

Systematics

Föster, 1862

Enderlein, 1920. Type species:

Enderlein, 1920. Type species:

Sharkey, 2006. Type species:

Type species.

Viereck, 1905, by monotypy, first included species.

Diagnosis.

can be distinguished from all other agathidine genera with the following combination of characters: tarsal claws simple with a basal lobe; mesoscutum unsculptured and notauli absent; fore wing vein (RS+Ma) not complete; vein CUb of hind wing weak or absent and never tubular; hind coxal cavities open; median tergite 3 smooth.

Distribution.

Restricted to the New World, from the northeastern USA south to Argentina, primarily Neotropical.

Species diversity.

Including the thirty-two species described here, there are 39 described species of . Based on the diversity in the University of Kentucky Institute Collection, there are hundreds more awaiting description.

Key to the species of

Species descriptions

Kang sp. n.

http://zoobank.org/C27B1AC1-2924-4700-AB21-134B9882E3F2

Fig. 3

Figure 3.

holotype: A lateral habitus B anterior head C propodeum D dorsal habitus E fore wing F hind wing.

Fore wing mostly infuscated; hind tibia black basally and distally, yellow at mid-length; pronotum entirely yellow; mesoscutum entirely pale; anterior transverse carina of propodeum reaching the lateral margin; median tergites entirely pale.

Description.

Holotype: male. Body length 5.6 mm. Fore wing length 5.4 mm. Fore wing mostly infuscated. Scutellar sulcus with five longitudinal carinae. Median areola of propodeum with well-defined margins. Anterior transverse carina of propodeum reaching the lateral margin. Lateral longitudinal carinae of median tergite 1 well-defined. Median syntergite 2+3 1.1 times longer than wide.

Female.

Unknown.

Etymology.

is named in honor of Alejandro Masis in recognition of his participation in the collaborative development of the ICE-ACG geothermal project of Pailas II, northwestern Costa Rica.

Biology.

Reared one time from “same as 93-SRNP-3345.1” feeding on very new leaves of () in ACG dry forest at 280 m elevation.

Type material.

Holotype ♂: Costa Rica, Guanacaste, Sector Santa Rosa, Quebrada Duende, Area de Conservaciόn Guanacaste 280m., gusaneros coll., host plant: , host caterpillar: , same as 93-SRNP-3345.1, coll. date: 7/7/1993, parasitoid eclosion date: 7/25/1993, DHJPAR0015416.

Kang sp. n.

http://zoobank.org/ED76E996-F310-4605-BB8D-F1EC579B21D9

Fig. 4

Figure 4.

holotype: A lateral habitus B anterior head C propodeum D dorsal habitus E wings.

Apical flagellomeres brown not distinctly paler than subapical flagellomeres; vertex of head entirely melanic; fore wing mostly infuscated; pronotum entirely pale (yellow to orange); fore tibia entirely pale (yellow to orange); mesoscutum entirely pale; anterior transverse carina of propodeum not reaching the lateral margin; median tergites entirely pale (yellow to orange); median syntergite 2+3 1.1 times longer than wide.

Holotype: female. Body length 4.4 mm. Fore wing length 5.1 mm. Fore wing mostly infuscated. Pronotum entirely pale (yellow to orange). Scutellar sulcus with one median longitudinal carina. Median areola of propodeum with well-defined margins. Anterior transverse carina of propodeum not reaching the lateral margin. Lateral longitudinal carinae of median tergite 1 well-defined. Median syntergite 2+3 1.1 times longer than wide. Ovipositor about same length as body.

Males.

Similar to holotype except for face. Face usually paler than holotype.

is named in honor of Alfredo Mainieri in recognition of his participation in the collaborative development of the ICE-ACG geothermal project of Pailas II, northwestern Costa Rica.

Reared five times from two species of (, ) leaf-tiers feeding on mature leaves of () in ACG cloud forest edge at 1220 to 1276 m elevation.

Holotype ♀: Costa Rica, Guanacaste, Sector Cacao, Sendero Derrumbe, Area de Conservación Guanacaste 1220m., Manuel Pereira coll., food plant: , host caterpillar: , , Janzen188, coll. date: 2/2/2009, parasitoid eclosion date: 3/19/2009, DHJPAR0035525. Paratypes: [the following have the same data as the holotype except as indicated] ♂, DHJPAR0035519. ♀, DHJPAR0035513. ♂, Sector PageBreakPailas Gemelos, , 1276m., Jose Cortez coll., host caterpillar: Brown22, coll. date: 10/7/2009, parasitoid eclosion date: 11/2/2009, DHJPAR0038251. [same as previous except eclosion date] ♂, parasitoid eclosion date: 11/1/2009, DHJPAR0037861.

Kang sp. n.

http://zoobank.org/14F4C7B3-3857-4584-8CCA-3781096E338C

Fig. 5

Figure 5.

holotype: A lateral habitus B anterior head C propodeum D dorsal habitus E fore wing F hind wing.

Fore wing mostly infuscated; pronotum mostly pale, anteriorly black; mesoscutum entirely pale (yellow to orange); mesopleuron mostly pale, posteroventrally black; scutellar sulcus lacking longitudinal carina; median tergites entirely melanic.

Holotype: female. Body length 6.2 mm. Fore wing length 5.5 mm. Fore wing mostly infuscated. Scutellar sulcus lacking longitudinal carina. Median areola of propodeum with well-defined margins. Anterior transverse carina of propodeum reaching the lateral margin. Lateral longitudinal carinae of median tergite 1 well-defined. Median syntergite 2+3 1.5 times longer than wide. Ovipositor about same length as body.

Male.

Unknown.

is named in honor of Ana Maria Monge in recognition of her participation in the collaborative development of the ICE-ACG geothermal project of Pailas II, northwestern Costa Rica.

Reared one time from Janzen433 () a leaf-tier feeding on mature leaves of () in ACG dry forest – rain forest ecotone at 540 m elevation.

Holotype ♀: Costa Rica, Alajuela, Sector San Cristobal, Tajo Angeles, Area de Conservaciόn Guanacaste 540m., Gloria Sihezar coll., food plant: , host caterpillar: , , Janzen433, coll. date: 11/29/2010, parasitoid eclosion date: 12/17/2010, DHJPAR0041571.

Kang sp. n.

http://zoobank.org/53BD9379-0092-4255-A872-311C8795407F

Fig. 6

Figure 6.

holotype: A lateral habitus B anterior head C propodeum D dorsal habitus E fore wing F hind wing.

Fore wing mostly infuscated; mesoscutum entirely melanic; median areola of propodeum lacking well-defined margins; anterior transverse carina of propodeum absent; median tergites entirely reddish orange; lateral longitudinal carinae of median tergite 1 blunt.

Holotype: female. Body length 5.8 mm. Fore wing length 5.6 mm. Fore wing mostly infuscated. Scutellar sulcus with three longitudinal carinae. Median areola of propodeum lacking well-defined margins. Anterior transverse carina of propodeum absent. Lateral longitudinal carinae of median tergite 1 blunt. Median syntergite 2+3 as long as wide. Ovipositor length longer than metasoma, but shorter than body.

Unknown.

is named in honor of Angela González Grau in recognition of her participation in the collaborative development of the ICE-ACG geothermal project of Pailas II, northwestern Costa Rica.

Reared two times from Janzen353 (, ) feeding on two species of in ACG dry forest – rain forest ecotone at 280 to 825 m elevation.

Holotype ♀: Costa Rica, Guanacaste, Sector Pailas, PL12, Area de Conservaciόn Guanacaste 752m., Jose Cortez coll., food plant: , host caterpillar: , , Janzen353, coll. date: 3/6/2014, parasitoid eclosion date: 4/9/2014, DHJPAR0055351.Paratype: [the following have the same data as the holotype except as indicated] ♀, Sector Del Oro, Puente Mena, 280m., Lucia Ríos coll., food plant: , coll. date: 4/1/2002, parasitoid eclosion date: 4/15/2002, DHJPAR0015430.

Kang sp. n.

http://zoobank.org/5D2E689D-6076-4242-938B-73C772324EE1

Fig. 7

Figure 7.

holotype: A lateral habitus B anterior head C propodeum D dorsal habitus E fore wing F hind wing.

Fore wing mostly infuscated; scutellar sulcus with one median longitudinal carina; median tergites entirely melanic; lateral tergites one and two entirely white.

Holotype: female. Body length 5.7 mm. Fore wing length 5.4 mm. Fore wing mostly infuscated. Scutellar sulcus with one median longitudinal carina. Median areola of propodeum with well-defined margins. Anterior transverse carina of propodeum absent. Lateral longitudinal carinae of median tergite 1 well-defined. Median syntergite 2+3 1.5 times longer than wide. Ovipositor slightly longer than body.

Fore wing with a slight yellow tinge. Body color pattern similar to holotype, but slightly lighter.

is named in honor of Cesar Mora in recognition of his participation in the collaborative development of the ICE-ACG geothermal project of Pailas II, northwestern Costa Rica.

Reared two times from BioLep82 () feeding on mature leaves of () in ACG rain forest at 527 m elevation.

Holotype ♀: Costa Rica, Alajuela, Sector San Cristobal, Sendero Huerta, Area de Conservaciόn Guanacaste 527m., Carolina Cano coll., food plant: , host caterpillar: , , BioLep82, coll. date: 1/11/2010, parasitoid eclosion date: 2/5/2010, DHJPAR0037960. Paratype: [the following have the same data as the holotype except as indicated] ♂, parasitoid eclosion date: 2/9/2010, DHJPAR0038304.

(Sharkey)

Fig. 8

Figure 8.

: A lateral habitus B anterior head C propodeum D dorsal habitus E fore wing F hind wing.

(Sharkey), (

Sharkey, (

Apical flagellomeres usually bright yellow, always distinctly paler than subapical flagellomeres; fore wing mostly infuscated; hind tibia black apically; mesoscutum entirely pale; median tergites entirely pale (yellow to orange).

Reared 48 times from seven species of dichomeridine feeding on seven species of mature leaves of , , , , and growing in ACG rain forest at 240 to 645 m elevation.

Material.

♀: Costa Rica, Alajuela, Sector San Cristobal, Tajo Angeles, Area de Conservaciόn Guanacaste 540m., Carolina Cano coll., food plant: , host caterpillar: , , gelJanzen01 Janzen485, coll. date: 6/10/2010, parasitoid eclosion date: 6/29/2010, DHJPAR0040492. [the following have the same data as previous except as indicated] ♂, parasitoid eclosion date: 6/26/2010, DHJPAR0040344. ♂, parasitoid eclosion date: 6/27/2010, DHJPAR0040476. ♂, parasitoid eclosion date: 6/30/2010, DHJPAR0040485. ♂, parasitoid eclosion date: 6/27/2010, DHJPAR0040487. ♀, Gloria Sihezar coll., coll. date: 6/15/2010, parasitoid eclosion date: 7/2/2010, DHJPAR0040473. ♀, Gloria Sihezar coll. food plant: , host caterpillar: gelJanzen01 Janzen356, coll. date: 7/8/2010, parasitoid eclosion date: 7/25/2010, DHJPAR0040505. ♀, Elda Araya coll., food plant: , host caterpillar: gelJanzen01 Janzen356, coll. date: 7/8/2010, parasitoid eclosion date: 7/23/2010, DHJPAR0040460. ♀, Osvaldo Espinoza coll., food plant: , host caterpillar: gelJanzen01 Janzen179, coll. date: 6/4/2014, parasitoid eclosion date: 6/20/2014, DHJPAR0055352. ♂, Finca San Gabriel, 645m., Carolina Cano coll., food plant: , host caterpillar: gelJanzen01 Janzen356, coll. date: 11/16/2012, parasitoid eclosion date: 12/5/2012, DHJPAR0051373. [same as previous except coll. date and eclosion date] ♂, coll. date: 11/30/2012, parasitoid eclosion date: 12/21/2012, DHJPAR0051162. ♀, Gloria Sihezar coll., coll. date: 6/2/2012, parasitoid eclosion date: 6/28/2012, DHJPAR0049276. ♀, Elda Araya coll., coll. date: 10/11/2012, parasitoid eclosion date: 11/4/2012, DHJPAR0051364. [the following have the same data as the holotype except as indicated] ♂, Cementerio Viejo, 570m., Gloria Sihezar coll., food plant: , host caterpillar: gelJanzen01 Janzen356, coll. date: 7/30/2014, parasitoid eclosion date: 8/17/2014, DHJPAR0057739. ♂, Rio Blanco Abajo, 500m., food plant: , host caterpillar: gelJanzen01 Janzen356, coll. date: 6/29/2009, parasitoid eclosion date: 7/19/2009, DHJPAR0040070. ♀, Sector Rincon Rain Forest, Rio Francia Arriba, 400m., Jose Perez coll., food plant: , host caterpillar: Janzen512, coll. date: 1/19/2011, parasitoid eclosion date: 2/7/2011, DHJPAR0042837. [same as previous except and PageBreakeclosion date] ♀, parasitoid eclosion date: 2/10/2011, DHJPAR0042835. ♀, parasitoid eclosion date: 2/9/2011, DHJPAR0043002. ♀, Sector Rincon Rain Forest, Sendero Anonas, 405m., Jose Perez coll., food plant: , coll. date: 4/6/2012, parasitoid eclosion date: 5/1/2012, DHJPAR0049388. [same as previous except as indicated] ♂, food plant: , coll. date: 2/12/2013, parasitoid eclosion date: 2/26/2013, DHJPAR0051817. ♀, Anabelle Cordoba coll., food plant: , coll. date: 5/20/2014, parasitoid eclosion date: 6/6/2014, DHJPAR0055505. ♂, Anabelle Cordoba coll., coll. date: 5/20/2014, parasitoid eclosion date: 6/5/2014, DHJPAR0055528. [same as previous except as indicated] ♀, parasitoid eclosion date: 6/8/2014, DHJPAR0055522. ♂, parasitoid eclosion date: 6/7/2014, DHJPAR0055527. ♀, parasitoid eclosion date: 6/11/2014, DHJPAR0055353. ♂, coll. date: 5/23/2014, parasitoid eclosion date: 6/7/2014, DHJPAR0055543. ♂, coll. date: 5/23/2014, parasitoid eclosion date: 6/9/2014, DHJPAR0055490. ♂, coll. date: 5/23/2014, parasitoid eclosion date: 6/7/2014, DHJPAR0055507. ♀, coll. date: 5/30/2014, parasitoid eclosion date: 6/18/2014, DHJPAR0055513. ♀, coll. date: 6/2/2014, parasitoid eclosion date: 6/14/2014, DHJPAR0055504. ♀, Sector Rincon Rain Forest, Jacobo, 461m., Petrona Rios coll., food plant: , host caterpillar: gelJanzen01 Janzen179, coll. date: 6/7/2014, parasitoid eclosion date: 6/23/2014, DHJPAR0055986. ♂, Sector Rincon Rain Forest, Conguera, 420m., Jose Perez coll., food plant: , host caterpillar: Janzen703, coll. date: 7/1/2009, parasitoid eclosion date: 7/22/2009, DHJPAR0040067. ♂, Guanacaste, Sector Pitilla, Ingas, 580m., Natalia Santamaria coll. food plant: , host caterpillar: gelJanzen01 Janzen781, coll. date: 5/29/2004, parasitoid eclosion date: 6/21/2004, DHJPAR0015527. ♂, Guanacaste, Sector Pitilla, Sendero , 655m., Calixto Moraga coll. food plant: , coll. date: 10/8/2009, parasitoid eclosion date: 10/27/2009, DHJPAR0040065. ♂, Guanacaste, Sector Pitilla, Sendero Laguna, 680m., Roster Moraga coll., food plant: , coll. date: 1/8/2010, parasitoid eclosion date: 1/28/2010, DHJPAR0038356. ♂, Guanacaste, Sector Pitilla, Leonel, 510m., Dinia Martinez coll., food plant: , coll. date: 2/4/2010, parasitoid eclosion date: 2/22/2010, DHJPAR0039071. ♀, Guanacaste, Sector Pitilla, Sendero Orosilito, 900m., Freddy Quesada coll., food plant: , host caterpillar: gelJanzen01 Janzen19, coll. date: 7/25/2013, parasitoid eclosion date: 8/15/2013, DHJPAR0052673. ♂, Guanacaste, Sector Del Oro, Quebrada Raiz, 280m., Elieth Cantillano coll. food plant: , coll. date: 5/18/2010, parasitoid eclosion date: 6/3/2010, DHJPAR0040331. [same as previous except collector and eclosion date] ♂, Roster Moraga coll., parasitoid eclosion date: 6/1/2010, DHJPAR0040335. ♂, Roster Moraga coll., parasitoid eclosion date: 6/2/2010, DHJPAR0040503.

Kang sp. n.

http://zoobank.org/7BD05EB2-A120-4442-AABA-0D70E4AE0FB6

Fig. 9

Figure 9.

holotype: A lateral habitus B anterior head C propodeum D dorsal habitus E fore wing F hind wing.

Vertex of head entirely yellow; fore wing with one black band; mid tibia mostly melanic, yellow basally.

Holotype: female. Body length 6.0 mm. Fore wing length 5.5 mm. Fore wing with one black band. Scutellar sulcus with one median longitudinal carina. Median areola of propodeum with well-defined margins. Anterior transverse carina of propodeum absent. Lateral longitudinal carinae of median tergite 1 well-defined. Median syntergite 2+3 1.2 times longer than wide. Ovipositor about same length as body.

Similar to holotype except for fore legs color. Fore legs usually less melanic.

is named in honor of Eddy Sánchez in recognition of his participation in the collaborative development of the ICE-ACG geothermal project of Pailas II, northwestern Costa Rica.

Reared 11 times from one species leaf-tier in the , feeding on mature leaves of () in ACG rain forest at 540 to 645 m elevation.

Holotype ♀: Costa Rica, Alajuela, Sector San Cristobal, Finca San Gabriel, Area de Conservaciόn Guanacaste 645m., Gloria Sihezar coll., food plant: , host caterpillar: , subfamily unknown, elachJanzen01 Janzen900, coll. date: 1/7/2015, parasitoid eclosion date: 2/7/2015, DHJPAR0056978. Paratypes: [the following have the same data PageBreakas the holotype except as indicated] ♂, Sendero Corredor, 620m., Elda Araya coll., coll. date: 11/7/2009, parasitoid eclosion date: 12/5/2009, DHJPAR0038240. ♂, Sendero Corredor, 620m., coll. date: 7/25/2013, parasitoid eclosion date: 8/17/2013, DHJPAR0052903. ♀, Tajo Angeles, 540m., coll. date: 9/20/2010, parasitoid eclosion date: 10/14/2010, DHJPAR0041600. ♂, Sendero Carmona, 670m., coll. date: 3/25/2012, parasitoid eclosion date: 4/18/2012, DHJPAR0049278. ♀, coll. date: 2/24/2014, parasitoid eclosion date: 3/31/2014, DHJPAR0055232. ♂, Elda Araya coll., coll. date: 11/26/2009, parasitoid eclosion date: 12/22/2009, DHJPAR0038208. [same as previous except as coll. date and eclosion date] ♀, coll. date: 11/30/2009, parasitoid eclosion date: 1/1/2010, DHJPAR0038180. ♂, coll. date: 11/30/2009, parasitoid eclosion date: 12/23/2009, DHJPAR0038231. ♂, coll. date: 11/30/2009, parasitoid eclosion date: 12/21/2009, DHJPAR0038225. ♂, coll. date: 12/16/2012, parasitoid eclosion date: 1/13/2013, DHJPAR0051357.

Kang sp. n.

http://zoobank.org/747FAD7E-4637-4F8E-8E35-93BCFD8D5739

Fig. 10

Figure 10.

holotype: A lateral habitus B anterior head C propodeum D dorsal habitus E wings.

Fore wing mostly infuscated; mesoscutum entirely melanic; anterior transverse carina of propodeum absent; median areola of propodeum narrow and not closed posteriorly; median areola length 11x its width, lateral longitudinal carinae of median tergite 1 well-defined; median tergites entirely reddish orange.

Holotype: male. Body length 5.2 mm. Fore wing length 5.3 mm. Fore wing mostly infuscated. Scutellar sulcus with three longitudinal carinae. Median areola of propodeum with well-defined margins. Anterior transverse carina of propodeum absent. Lateral longitudinal carinae of median tergite 1 well-defined. Median syntergite 2+3 1.1 times longer than wide. Ovipositor longer than metasoma, but shorter than body.

Unknown.

is named in honor of Elieth Cantillano in recognition of her participation in the collaborative development of the ICE-ACG geothermal project of Pailas II, northwestern Costa Rica.

Reared perhaps one time from elachJanzen01 Janzen873 () feeding on () in ACG dry forest – rain forest ecotone at 840 m elevation.

Holotype ♂: Costa Rica, Guanacaste, Sector Santa Maria, Estacion Santa Maria, Area de Conservaciόn Guanacaste 840m., Jose Cortez coll., food plant: , host caterpillar: , subfamily unknown, elachJanzen01 Janzen873, coll date: 4/26/2009, parasitoid eclosion date: 5/12/2009, DHJPAR0035345.

Kang sp. n.

http://zoobank.org/A2C8DCE5-4DA5-4F79-94A2-1D7750C5AFDA

Fig. 11

Figure 11.

holotype: A lateral habitus B anterior head C propodeum D dorsal habitus E fore wing F hind wing.

Fore wing with two black bands; pronotum anteriorly black and posteriorly pale.

Holotype: female. Body length 5.8 mm. Fore wing length 5.7 mm. Fore wing with two black bands. Scutellar sulcus lacking longitudinal carina. Anterior transverse carina of propodeum absent. Median areola of propodeum with well-defined margins. Median areola of propodeum narrow. Lateral longitudinal carinae of median tergite 1 well-defined. Median syntergite 2+3 1.7 times longer than wide. Ovipositor slightly longer than body.

Body color similar to holotype. Body length slightly shorter than holotype.

Named in honor of Dr Eric G. Chapman, research analyst in the Department of Entomology at the University of Kentucky, for his kindly advice on molecular systematics and phylogenetics.

Reared five times but only from the leaf-tier () feeding on mature leaves of () at the intersection of the ACG dry forest and rain forest ecosystems at 722 m elevation.

Holotype ♀: Costa Rica, Alajuela, Sector San Cristobal, Jardin Estrada, Area de Conservaciόn Guanacaste 722m., Carolina Cano coll., food plant: , host caterpillar: , , , coll. date: 12/10/2013, parasitoid eclosion date: 1/12/2014, DHJPAR0054533. Paratypes: [the following have the same data as the holPageBreakotype except as indicated] ♀, coll. date: 2/5/2013, parasitoid eclosion date: 1/4/2014, DHJPAR0054527. ♀, parasitoid eclosion date: 1/9/2014, DHJPAR0054522. ♀, parasitoid eclosion date: 1/7/2014, DHJPAR0055238. ♂, Elda Araya coll., coll. date: 12/5/2013, parasitoid eclosion date: 12/26/2013, DHJPAR0054526.

Kang sp. n.

http://zoobank.org/34C499A2-CEC2-4D38-8D16-342D152B15B8

Fig. 12

Figure 12.

holotype: A lateral habitus B anterior head C propodeum D dorsal habitus E fore wing F hind wing.

Fore wing mostly infuscated; hind coxa entirely pale; mesoscutum entirely melanic; scutellar sulcus with one median longitudinal carina; anterior transverse carina of propodeum reaching the lateral margin; median tergites mostly pale with posterior terga black; median syntergite 2+3 1.4 times longer than wide.

Holotype: female. Body length 7.1 mm. Fore wing length 6.4 mm. Fore wing mostly infuscated. Scutellar sulcus with one median longitudinal carina. Median areola of propodeum with well-defined margins. Anterior transverse carina of propodeum reaching the lateral margin. Lateral longitudinal carinae of median tergite 1 well-defined. Median syntergite 2+3 1.4 times longer than wide. Ovipositor slightly longer than body.

Similar to holotype.

is named in honor of Gahyun Park, wife of the first author.

Reared 43 times from six species of (40) and (2) () feeding on mature leaves of 3 species of and 1 of () in ACG rain forest at 380 to 620 m elevation.

Holotype♀: Costa Rica, Alajuela, Sector San Cristobal, Rio Areno, Area de Conservaciόn Guanacaste 460m., Osvaldo Espinoza coll., food plant: , host caterpillar: , , Janzen09, coll. date: 6/4/2009, parasitoid eclosion date: 6/26/2009, DHJPAR0035229. Paratypes: [the following have the same data as the holotype except as indicated] 2♀, coll. date: 6/4/2009, parasitoid eclosion date: 6/22/2009, DHJPAR0035298, DHJPAR0035294. ♀, parasitoid eclosion date: 6/23/2009, DHJPAR0036371. ♀, Elda Araya coll., food plant: , coll. date: 5/4/2009, parasitoid eclosion date: 6/21/2009, DHJPAR0035231. DHJPAR0035294. pes: [the following have the same data as the holotype except as indicated] 2odeum with well-defined ma8/27/2009, DHJPAR0036721. [same as previous except coll. date and eclosion date] ♀, coll. date: 9/13/2009, parasitoid eclosion date: 10/2/2009, DHJPAR0036686. ♂, Puente Palma, 460m., Carolina Cano coll., food plant: , coll. date: 11/10/2011, parasitoid eclosion date: 11/26/2011, DHJPAR0046956. ♀, Puente Palma, 460m., Gloria Sihezar coll., host caterpillar: Janzen12, coll. date: 11/24/2012, parasitoid eclosion date: 12/27/2012, DHJPAR0051365. ♂, Tajo Angeles, 540m., Gloria Sihezar coll., food plant: , host caterpillar: , Janzen07, coll. date: 9/24/2011, parasitoid eclosion date: 10/14/2011, DHJPAR0045788. [same as previous except coll. date and eclosion date] ♀, host caterpillar: , coll. date: 11/6/2011, parasitoid eclosion date: 11/24/2011, PageBreakDHJPAR0046745. ♀, host caterpillar: , Janzen09, coll. date: 11/22/2011, parasitoid eclosion date: 12/13/2011, DHJPAR0046744. ♀, Sendero Huerta, 527m., Gloria Sihezar coll., coll. date: 7/2/2012, parasitoid eclosion date: 7/27/2012, DHJPAR0049943. [same as previous except coll. date and eclosion date] ♀, 12/2/2012 12/24/2012, DHJPAR0051374. [same as previous except food plant, coll. date and eclosion date] 1♀, 1♂, food plant: , coll. date: 12/8/2012, parasitoid eclosion date: 1/1/2013, DHJPAR0051349, coll. date: 12/8/2012, parasitoid eclosion date: 12/31/2012, DHJPAR0051370. ♀, Elda Araya coll., host caterpillar: Janzen144, coll. date: 7/21/2012, parasitoid eclosion date: 8/14/2012, DHJPAR0049649. [same as previous except food plant, coll. date and eclosion date] 2♀, food plant: , coll. date:12/23/2012, parasitoid eclosion date: 1/10/2012, DHJPAR0051360, coll. date: 12/23/2012, parasitoid eclosion date: 1/7/2013, DHJPAR0051371. ♀, Sendero Perdido, 620m., Carolina Cano coll., food plant: , coll. date: 10/9/2013, parasitoid eclosion date: 10/29/2013, DHJPAR0053649. [same as previous except coll. date and eclosion date] 2♂, 10/11/2013 10/26/2013, DHJPAR0053652, coll. date: 10/11/2013, parasitoid eclosion date: 10/29/2013, DHJPAR0053655. [same as previous except food plant, coll. date and eclosion date] ♀, food plant: , coll. date: 10/9/2013, parasitoid eclosion date: 10/30/2013, DHJPAR0053654. ♂, Sendero Perdido, 620m., Gloria Sihezar coll., food plant: , 9/24/2013 10/9/2013, DHJPAR0053658. [same as previous except caterpillar, coll. date and eclosion date] ♂, host caterpillar: Janzen07, 10/25/2013 11/22/2013, DHJPAR0054538. ♂, Sendero Perdido, 620m., Elda Araya coll., food plant: , coll. date: 1/9/2014, parasitoid eclosion date: 1/23/2014, DHJPAR0054515. [same as previous except coll. date and eclosion date] ♂, 1/9/2014 1/25/2014, DHJPAR0054517. ♀, Sendero Perdido, 620m., Elda Araya coll., food plant: , coll. date: 11/29/2013, parasitoid eclosion date: 12/29/2013, DHJPAR0054539. [same as previous except caterpillar and eclosion date] ♀, host caterpillar: , parasitoid eclosion date: 12/31/2013, DHJPAR0054532. ♀, Sendero Perdido, 620m., Elda Araya coll., food plant: , host caterpillar: Janzen07, 2/1/2010 2/14/2010, DHJPAR0038910. ♀, Finca San Gabriel, 645m., Carolina Cano coll., food plant: , host caterpillar: Janzen07, coll. date: 10/18/2013, parasitoid eclosion date: 11/2/2013, DHJPAR0054519. ♂, Finca San Gabriel, 645m., Carolina Cano coll., food plant: , host caterpillar: Janzen144, coll. date: 8/11/2013, parasitoid eclosion date: 8/29/2013, DHJPAR0053645. ♀, Finca San Gabriel, 645m., Elda Araya coll., food plant: , coll. date: 1/6/2014, parasitoid eclosion date: 1/24/2014, DHJPAR0054511. ♂, Sendero Palo Alto, 570m., Carolina Cano coll., food plant: , coll. date: 9/12/2013, parasitoid eclosion date: 9/29/2013, DHJPAR0053618. [same as previous except eclosion date] ♂, parasitoid eclosion date: 10/2/2013, DHJPAR0053621. ♀, Cementerio Viejo, PageBreak570m., Carolina Cano coll., food plant: , coll. date: 9/10/2013, parasitoid eclosion date: 10/1/2013, DHJPAR0053611. [same as previous except eclosion date] ♂, parasitoid eclosion date: 9/30/2013, DHJPAR0053619. [same as previous except caterpillar, coll. date and eclosion date] ♀, host caterpillar: 12/3/2013 12/21/2013, DHJPAR0054520. [same as previous except coll. date and eclosion date] ♀, 12/3/2013 12/21/2013, DHJPAR0054534. ♂, Sendero Corredor, 620m., Carolina Cano coll., food plant: , host caterpillar: , Janzen09, coll. date: 1/3/2014, parasitoid eclosion date: 1/25/2014, DHJPAR0054518. ♀, Rio Blanco Abajo, 500m., Elda Araya coll., coll. date: 8/11/2009, parasitoid eclosion date: 8/27/2009, DHJPAR0036722. ♂, Guanacaste, Sector Del Oro, Margarita, 380m., Lucia Ríos coll., host caterpillar: , coll. date: 1/15/2005, parasitoid eclosion date: 2/1/2005, DHJPAR0015317.

Kang sp. n.

http://zoobank.org/40757AA3-B52C-4733-AEF2-334C861F561F

Fig. 13

Figure 13.

holotype: A lateral habitus B anterior head C propodeum D dorsal habitus E wings.

Vertex of head mostly pale; fore wing mostly infuscated with a quadrate second submarginal cell; mesoscutum entirely pale (yellow to orange); median areola of propodeum length 15x its width; anterior transverse carina of propodeum not reaching the lateral margin; median tergites entirely pale (yellow to orange).

Holotype: female. Body length 5.0 mm. Fore wing length 5.0 mm. Fore wing mostly infuscated with a quadrate second submarginal cell. Scutellar sulcus with one median longitudinal carina. Median areola of propodeum length 15x its width with well-defined margins. Anterior transverse carina of propodeum not reaching the lateral margin. Lateral longitudinal carinae of median tergite 1 well-defined. Median syntergite 2+3 1.2 times longer than wide. Ovipositor longer than metasoma, but shorter than body.

Unknown.

is named in honor of Gisuk Lee, mother-in-law of the first author.

Reared one time from Janzen405 (, ) feeding on mature leaves of () in ACG rain forest at 420 m elevation.

Holotype ♀: Costa Rica, Alajuela, Sector Rincon Rain Forest, Sendero Venado, Area de Conservaciόn Guanacaste 420m., Pablo Umaña coll., food plant: , host caterpillar: , , Janzen405, coll. date: 8/1/2011, parasitoid eclosion date: 9/11/2011, DHJPAR0048076.

Kang sp. n.

http://zoobank.org/FAC851A7-13CC-4DB7-AFDE-562014FE4D02

Fig. 14

Figure 14.

holotype: A lateral habitus B anterior head C propodeum D dorsal habitus E fore wing F hind wing.

Fore wing mostly infuscated; mesoscutum entirely melanic; scutellar sulcus lacking longitudinal carina; median tergites entirely melanic.

Holotype: female. Body length 5.4 mm. Fore wing length 4.5 mm. Fore wing mostly infuscated. Scutellar sulcus lacking longitudinal carina. Median areola of propodeum with well-defined margins. Anterior transverse carina of propodeum reaching the lateral margin. Lateral longitudinal carinae of median tergite 1 well-defined. Median syntergite 2+3 1.3 times longer than wide.

Unknown.

is named in honor of Guillermo Pereira in recognition of his participation in the collaborative development of the ICE-ACG geothermal project of Pailas II, northwestern Costa Rica.

Reared one time from elachJanzen01 Janzen726 () feeding on () in ACG rain forest at 645 m elevation.

Holotype ♂: Costa Rica, Alajuela, Sector San Cristobal, Finca San Gabriel, Area de Conservaciόn Guanacaste 645m., Gloria Sihezar coll., food plant: , host caterpillar: , subfamily unknown, elachJanzen01 Janzen726, coll. date: 2/24/2014, parasitoid eclosion date: 3/17/2014, DHJPAR0055234.

Kang sp. n.

http://zoobank.org/9008E51A-5E03-4E95-BCF1-E427306B35F9

Fig. 15

Figure 15.

holotype: A lateral habitus B anterior head C propodeum D dorsal habitus E fore wing F hind wing.

Apical flagellomeres brown not distinctly paler than subapical flagellomeres; vertex of head entirely pale; fore wing mostly infuscated with a triangular second submarginal cell; mesoscutum entirely pale (yellow to orange); median areola spindle-shaped; anterior transverse carina of propodeum absent; median tergites entirely pale (yellow to orange).

Holotype: female. Body length 4.8 mm. Fore wing length 4.5 mm. Fore wing mostly infuscated. Scutellar sulcus with one median longitudinal carina. Median areola of propodeum with well-defined margins. Anterior transverse carina of propodeum absent. Lateral longitudinal carinae of median tergite 1 well-defined. Median syntergite 2+3 1.3 times longer than wide. Ovipositor slightly longer than body.

Unknown.

is named in honor of Gustavo Induni in recognition of his participation in the collaborative development of the ICE-ACG geothermal project of Pailas II, northwestern Costa Rica.

Reared 12 times from two species of palm-feeding () ( Janzen142 and Janzen284) in the understory of ACG rain forest from 645-742 m elevation.

Holotype ♀: Costa Rica, Alajuela, Sector San Cristobal, Sendero Perdido, Area de Conservaciόn Guanacaste 620m., Elda Araya coll., food plant: , host caterpillar: , , Janzen284, coll. date: 8/9/2013, parasitoid eclosion date: 8/28/2013, DHJPAR0053857. Paratypes: [the following have the same data as the holotype except as indicated] ♀, parasitoid eclosion date: 8/27/2013, DHJPAR0053648. ♀, parasitoid eclosion date: 8/31/2013, DHJPAR0053653. ♀, parasitoid eclosion date: 9/1/2013, DHJPAR0053646. ♀, Finca San Gabriel, 645m., host caterpillar: Janzen142 coll. date: 11/16/2012, parasitoid eclosion date: 12/11/2012, DHJPAR0051369. [same as previous except eclosion date] ♀, parasitoid eclosion date: 12/20/2012, DHJPAR0051359. ♀, parasitoid eclosion date: 12/15/2012, DHJPAR0051372. ♀, Sendero Aguas Termales, geolocation unknown, food plant: , host caterpillar: Janzen142, coll. date: 10/10/2010, parasitoid eclosion date: 10/29/2010, DHJPAR0041560.

Kang sp. n.

http://zoobank.org/42792E91-4825-4562-93BE-7B2BB40A40FA

Fig. 16

Figure 16.

holotype: A lateral habitus B anterior head C propodeum D dorsal habitus E fore wing F hind wing.

Fore wing with one black band; mid tibia black basally and distally, yellow at mid-length.

Holotype: female. Body length 4.3 mm. Fore wing length 4.3 mm. Fore wing with one black band. Scutellar sulcus with one median longitudinal carina. Median areola of propodeum with well-defined margins. Anterior transverse carina of propodeum absent. Lateral longitudinal carinae of median tergite 1 well-defined. Median syntergite 2+3 1.3 times longer than wide. Ovipositor longer than metasoma, but shorter than body.

Unknown.

is named in honor of Hartman Guido in recognition of his participation in the collaborative development of the ICE-ACG geothermal project of Pailas II, northwestern Costa Rica.

Reared five times from three species leaf-tiers in the , feeding on mature leaves of () at the intersection of the ACG dry forest and rain forest ecosystems at 540 m elevation.

Holotype ♀: Costa Rica, Area de Conservaciόn Guanacaste, Alajuela, Sector San Cristobal, Tajo Angeles, 540m., Elda Araya coll., food plant: , host caterpillar: , subfamily unknown, elachJanzen01 Janzen392, coll. date: 4/27/2010, parasitoid eclosion date: 5/19/2010, DHJPAR0039524. Paratypes: [the following have the same data as the holotype except as indicated] ♀, Gloria Sihezar coll., host caterpillar: Janzen369, coll. date: 4/20/2010, parasitoid eclosion date: 5/15/2010, DHJPAR0039513. ♀, Gloria Sihezar coll., parasitoid eclosion date: 6/4/2010, DHJPAR0039514. ♀, Gloria Sihezar host caterpillar: , , Janzen126. 1/10/2011 2/6/2011, DHJPAR0042831. [same as previous except as coll. date and eclosion date] ♀, coll. date: 1/13/2011, parasitoid eclosion date: 2/8/2011, DHJPAR0042844.

Kang sp. n.

http://zoobank.org/028AF18F-E671-4FC7-9447-6EAD6AA30616

Fig. 17

Figure 17.

holotype: A lateral habitus B mid leg C hind leg D anterior head E propodeum F dorsal habitus G fore wing H hind wing.

Fore wing mostly infuscated; hind coxa entirely black; mesoscutum entirely melanic; anterior transverse carina of propodeum reaching the lateral margin; median tergites entirely yellow.

Holotype: male. Body length 6.0 mm. Fore wing length 6.7 mm. Fore wing mostly infuscated. Scutellar sulcus lacking longitudinal carina. Median areola of propodeum with well-defined margins. Anterior transverse carina of propodeum reaching the lateral margin. Lateral longitudinal carinae of median tergite 1 well-defined. Median syntergite 2+3 1.1 times longer than wide.

Unknown.

is named in honor of Hernan Bravo in recognition of his participation in the collaborative development of the ICE-ACG geothermal project of Pailas II, northwestern Costa Rica.

Reared one time from Janzen08 (), a stenomine leaf-tier feeding on mature foliage of () in ACG cloud forest at 1460 m elevation.

Holotype ♂: Costa Rica, Guanacaste, Sector Cacao, Sendero Cima, Area de Conservaciόn Guanacaste 1460m., Harry Ramirez coll., food plant: , host caterpillar: , , Janzen08, coll. date: 8/11/2008, parasitoid eclosion date: 9/6/2008, DHJPAR0028303.

Kang sp. n.

http://zoobank.org/21D4210B-AFC4-4FF0-9AE9-360D26C6C940

Fig. 18

Figure 18.

holotype: A lateral habitus B anterior head C propodeum D dorsal habitus E fore wing F hind wing.

Fore wing with two black bands; pronotum entirely melanic; lateral longitudinal carinae of median tergite 1 well-defined.

Holotype: female. Body length 8.0 mm. Fore wing length 4.6 mm. Fore wing with two black bands. Scutellar sulcus with one median longitudinal carina. Anterior transverse carina of propodeum reaching the lateral margin. Median areola of propodeum with well-defined margins. Lateral longitudinal carinae of median tergite 1 well-defined. Median syntergite 2+3 1.6 times longer than wide. Ovipositor slightly longer than body.

Mesoscutum bicolored. Mesopleuron pale.

Named in honor of Hokwon Kang, father of the first author.

Reared nine times from seven species of stenomatine feeding as leaf-tiers on six species of plants in seven plant families at the intersection of the ACG dry forest and rain forest ecosystems at 280-640 m elevation.

Holotype ♀: Costa Rica, Guanacaste, Sector El Hacha, Estacion Los Almendros, Area de Conservaciόn Guanacaste 290m., Elieth Cantillano coll., food plant: , host caterpillar: , , Janzen08, coll. date: 11/23/2011, parasitoid eclosion date: 12/10/2011, DHJPAR0048726. Paratypes: [the following have the same data as the holotype except as indicated] ♂, 290m., Lucia Ríos coll., coll. date: 9/19/2008, parasitoid eclosion date: 10/6/2008, DHJPAR0030605. ♀, Sendero Bejuquilla, 280m., food plant: , host caterpillar: , subfamily and species name unknown, coll. date: 1/11/2010, parasitoid eclosion date: 2/5/2010, DHJPAR0037940. ♀, Sendero Bejuquilla, 280m., Dunia Garcia coll., food plant: , host caterpillar: , coll. date: 10/26/2002, parasitoid eclosion date: 11/13/2002, DHJPAR0015414. ♀, Sector Cacao, Cuesta Caimito, 640m., Mariano Pereira coll., food plant: , host caterpillar: , coll. date: 5/16/2004, parasitoid eclosion date: 5/30/2004, DHJPAR0029302. ♀, Sector Cacao, Quebrada Otilio, 550m., Daniel Garcia coll., food plant: , host caterpillar: Phillips01, coll. date: 9/24/2007, parasitoid eclosion date: 10/7/2007, DHJPAR0028279. ♀, Sector Pitilla, Cabrera, 500m., Calixto Moraga coll., food plant: , host caterpillar: , coll. date: 2/7/2007, parasitoid eclosion date: 2/14/2007, DHJPAR0017274. ♀, Alajuela, Sector Rincon Rain Forest, Sendero Tucan, 410m., Pablo Umaña Calderon coll., food plant: , host caterpillar: elachJanzen01 Janzen211, coll. date: 4/7/2012, parasitoid eclosion date: 5/3/2012, DHJPAR0049051. ♀, Alajuela, Sector Rincon Rain Forest, Conguera, 420m., Jose Perez coll., food plant: , host caterpillar: Janzen127, coll. date: 5/17/2012, parasitoid eclosion date: 6/7/2012, DHJPAR0048714.

Kang sp. n.

http://zoobank.org/11328F60-489F-41A1-B3FC-0F2EF21EAE40

Fig. 19

Figure 19.

holotype: A lateral habitus B anterior head C propodeum D dorsal habitus E fore wing F hind wing.

Fore wing with a slight yellow tinge; anterior transverse carina of propodeum absent; median tergites entirely pale.

Holotype: male. Body length 5.8 mm. Fore wing length 5.0 mm. Fore wing with a slight yellow tinge. Scutellar sulcus with four longitudinal carinae. Median areola of propodeum with well-defined margins. Anterior transverse carina of propodeum absent. Lateral longitudinal carinae of median tergite 1 well-defined. Median syntergite 2+3 as long as wide.

Unknown.

is named in honor of Ivannia Sandoval in recognition of her participation in the collaborative development of the ICE-ACG geothermal project of Pailas II, northwestern Costa Rica.

Reared one time from Janzen703 (, ) tying and feeding on mature leaves of () in ACG rain forest at 660 m elevation.

Holotype ♂: Costa Rica, Guanacaste, Sector Pitilla, Sendero Carica, Area de Conservaciόn Guanacaste 660m., Calixto Moraga coll., food plant: , host caterpillar: , , Janzen703, coll. date: 1/25/2014, parasitoid eclosion date: 2/06/2014, DHJPAR0055344.

Kang sp. n.

http://zoobank.org/862254CE-7A11-4D65-B7A6-69A723E1392C

Fig. 20

Figure 20.

holotype: A lateral habitus B anterior head C propodeum D dorsal habitus E fore wing F hind wing.

fore wing mostly infuscated; pronotum mostly yellow; mesoscutum mostly pale (yellow to orange); anterior transverse carina of propodeum reaching the lateral margin; median tergites mostly pale posterior tergum black.

Holotype: female. Body length 4.9 mm. Fore wing length 4.6 mm. Fore wing mostly infuscated. Scutellar sulcus with one median longitudinal carina. Median areola of propodeum with well-defined margins. Anterior transverse carina of propodeum reaching the lateral margin. Lateral longitudinal carinae of median tergite 1 well-defined. Median syntergite 2+3 0.9 times longer than wide. Ovipositor longer than metasoma, but shorter than body.

Occiput usually more melanic. Median tergites usually mostly pale with posterior terga black.

is named in honor of Johan Valerio in recognition of his participation in the collaborative development of the ICE-ACG geothermal project of Pailas II, northwestern Costa Rica.

Reared six times from two species of leaf-tiers in the , feeding on mature leaves of three species of () in ACG rain forest at 540-645 m elevation.

Holotype ♀: Costa Rica, Alajuela, Sector San Cristobal, Sendero Huerta, Area de Conservaciόn Guanacaste 527m., Gloria Sihezar coll., food plant: oerstediana, host caterpillar: , , Janzen82, coll. date: 5/25/2014, parasitoid eclosion date: 6/7/2014, DHJPAR0055354. Paratypes: [the following have the same data as the holotype except as indicated] ♀, Brasilia, Moga, 320m., Duvalier Briceño coll., coll. date: 6/7/2012, parasitoid eclosion date: 6/19/2012, DHJPAR0049935. ♂, Guanacaste, Sector Pitilla, Estacion Quica, 470m., Ricardo Calero coll., food plant: spectabilis, host caterpillar: , , Janzen216, coll. date: 5/25/2009, parasitoid eclosion date: 6/8/2009, DHJPAR0035498. [same as previous except coll. date and eclosion date] ♂, 5/27/2009 6/22/2009, DHJPAR0040066. ♂, Guanacaste, Sector Pitilla, Leonel, 510m., Mauricio Siezar coll., food plant: spectabilis, host caterpillar: Janzen216, coll. date: 6/15/2008, parasitoid eclosion date: 6/30/2008, DHJPAR0028298.

Kang sp. n.

http://zoobank.org/F15FE11D-1DE7-4A48-B4C5-0DCA61C97445

Fig. 21

Figure 21.

holotype: A lateral habitus B anterior head C propodeum D dorsal habitus E fore wing F hind wing.

Fore wing mostly infuscated; mesoscutum entirely melanic; anterior transverse carina of propodeum absent; median areola of propodeum spindle-shape; lateral longitudinal carinae of median tergite 1 well-defined; median tergites entirely reddish orange.

Holotype: female. Body length 5.2 mm. Fore wing length 5.3 mm. Fore wing mostly infuscated. Scutellar sulcus with three longitudinal carinae. Median areola of propodeum with well-defined margins. Median areola length 6x its width. Median areola closed posteriorly. Anterior transverse carina of propodeum absent. Lateral longitudinal carinae of median tergite 1 well-defined. Median syntergite 2+3 1.1 times longer than wide. Ovipositor longer than metasoma, but shorter than body.

Similar to holotype.

is named in honor of José Cortés in recognition of his participation in the collaborative development of the ICE-ACG geothermal project of Pailas II, northwestern Costa Rica.

Reared two times from Janzen703 (, ) feeding on mature leaves of () in ACG dry forest – rain forest ecotone at 620 m elevation.

Holotype ♀: Costa Rica, Guanacaste, Sector Del Oro, Bosque Aguirre, Area de Conservaciόn Guanacaste 620m., Elieth Cantillano coll., food plant: , host caterpillar: , , Janzen703, coll. date: 9/21/2004, parasitoid eclosion date: 10/3/2004, DHJPAR0015432. Paratype: [the following have the same data as the holotype except as indicated] ♂, parasitoid eclosion date: 10/13/2004, DHJPAR0015431.

Kang sp. n.

http://zoobank.org/EE7D1A31-9D2F-4B74-A6A6-C95012768953

Fig. 22

Figure 22.

holotype: A lateral habitus B anterior head C propodeum D dorsal habitus E fore wing F hind wing.

Fore wing mostly infuscated; pronotum mostly pale, anteriorly melanic; mesoscutum entirely pale; mesopleuron entirely orange; scutellar sulcus lacking longitudinal carina; median tergites mostly melanic.

Holotype: female. Body length 6.7 mm. Fore wing length 6.3 mm. Fore wing mostly infuscated. Scutellar sulcus lacking longitudinal carina. Median areola of propodeum with well-defined margins. Anterior transverse carina of propodeum reaching the lateral margin. Lateral longitudinal carinae of median tergite 1 well-defined. Median syntergite 2+3 as long as wide. Ovipositor longer than metasoma, but shorter than body.

Unknown.

Variation.

Paratype propodeum mostly pale.

is named in honor of Luis Garita in recognition of his participation in the collaborative development of the ICE-ACG geothermal project of Pailas II, northwestern Costa Rica.

Reared two times from Janzen52 (, ) feeding on mature leaves of () in ACG dry forest at 733–740 m elevation.

Holotype ♀: Costa Rica, Guanacaste, Sector Mundo Nuevo, Camino Pozo Tres, Area de Conservaciόn Guanacaste 733m., Jose Cortez coll., food plant: , host caterpillar: , , Janzen52, coll. date: 1/22/2012, parasitoid eclosion date: 3/3/2012, DHJPAR0049053. Paratype: [the following have the same data as the holotype except as indicated] ♀, Cerro Gongora Pelado, 740m., coll. date: 1/18/2014, parasitoid eclosion date: 2/22/2014, DHJPAR0055239.

Kang sp. n.

http://zoobank.org/1691B66E-87CB-475D-AA54-0588AD1BCB13

Fig. 23

Figure 23.

holotype: A lateral habitus B anterior head C propodeum D dorsal habitus E fore wing F hind wing.

Fore wing hyaline; fore wing RS+Ma tubular on less than one third its length; anterior transverse carina of propodeum reaching the lateral margin; median tergites entirely pale.

Holotype: female. Body length 4.4 mm. Fore wing length 4.0 mm. Fore wing hyaline. Scutellar sulcus with three longitudinal carinae. Median areola of propodeum with well-defined margins. Anterior transverse carina of propodeum reaching the lateral margin. Lateral longitudinal carinae of median tergite 1 well-defined. Median syntergite 2+3 0.9 times longer than wide. Ovipositor longer than metasoma, but shorter than body.

Similar to holotype, but median tergites mostly pale with three posterior terga melanic.

is named in honor of María Marta Chavarría in recognition of her participation in the collaborative development of the ICE-ACG geothermal project of Pailas II, northwestern Costa Rica.

Reared four times from (, ) feeding on new leaves of () in ACG dry forest at 305 m elevation.

Holotype ♀: Costa Rica, Guanacaste, Sector Santa Rosa, Arboles Via, Area de Conservaciόn Guanacaste 305m., Daniel H. Janzen coll., food plant: , host caterpillar: , , , coll. date: 6/24/1982, eclosion date unknown, DHJPAR0015502. Paratypes: [the following have the same data as the holotype except as indicated] 2♀, 1♂, DHJPAR0015501, DHJPAR0015503, DHJPAR0015500.

Kang sp. n.

http://zoobank.org/1BE064F2-17DB-44CB-8B99-5A6F4224C7C1

Fig. 24 , 25

Figure 24.

holotype: A lateral habitus B anterior head C propodeum D dorsal habitus E fore wing F hind wing.

Figure 25.

male: A lateral habitus B anterior head C propodeum D dorsal habitus E fore wing F hind wing.

Apical flagellomeres brown not distinctly paler than subapical flagellomeres; fore wing mostly infuscated with a triangular second submarginal cell; fore tibia mostly melanic, yellow basally; hind tibia black basally and distally, yellow at mid-length; pronotum entirely pale (yellow to orange); mesoscutum entirely pale (yellow to orange); median areola of propodeum kite-shaped; anterior transverse carina of propodeum not reaching the lateral margin; median tergites mostly pale with posterior terga black; median syntergite 2+3 1.1 times longer than wide.

Holotype: female. Body length 5.1 mm. Fore wing length 4.9 mm. Fore wing mostly infuscated. Scutellar sulcus with one median longitudinal carina. Median areola of propodeum with well-defined margins. Anterior transverse carina of propodeum not reaching the lateral margin. Lateral longitudinal carinae of median tergite 1 well-defined. Median syntergite 2+3 1.1 times longer than wide. Ovipositor longer than metasoma, but shorter than body.

Body length usually shorter than holotype. Median tergites mostly melanic.

Female anterior head varies from mostly pale to mostly melanic.

is named in honor of Miguel Viquez in recognition of his participation in the collaborative development of the ICE-ACG geothermal project of Pailas II, northwestern Costa Rica.

Reared 58 times from the complex (21), gelJanzen01 Janzen179 (13), and gelJanzen01 Janzen485 (16), all leaf tying dichomeridine feeding on mature leaves of two species of () and two species of () in ACG rain forest-dry forest ecotone, and rain forest at 109 to 540 m elevation.

Holotype ♀: Costa Rica, Alajuela, Sector San Cristobal, Tajo Angeles, Area de Conservaciόn Guanacaste 540m., Carolina Cano coll., food plant: , host caterpillar: , , designatellaDHJ02, coll. date: 8/19/2010, parasitoid eclosion date: 9/8/2010, DHJPAR0041589. Paratypes: [the following have the same data as the holotype except as indicated] ♂, host caterpillar: designatellaDHJ03, coll. date: 1/25/2011, parasitoid eclosion date: 2/17/2011, DHJPAR0043147. ♀, coll. date: 7/8/2010, parasitoid eclosion date: 7/24/2010, DHJPAR0040341. ♀, coll. date: 7/8/2010, parasitoid eclosion date: 7/26/2010, DHJPAR0040347. ♀, food plant: , host caterpillar: gelJanzen01 Janzen485, coll. date: 6/10/2010, parasitoid eclosion date: 6/26/2010, DHJPAR0040336. [same as previous except coll. date and eclosion date] ♀, coll. date: 10/15/2010, parasitoid eclosion date: 11/2/2010, DHJPAR0041566. ♂, coll. date: 10/15/2010, parasitoid eclosion date: 10/30/2010, DHJPAR0041570. ♂, coll. date: 10/15/2010, parasitoid eclosion date: 10/27/2010, DHJPAR0041565. ♂, coll. date: 10/20/2010, parasitoid eclosion date: 11/7/2010, DHJPAR0041567. ♂, coll. date: 11/7/2010, parasitoid eclosion date: 11/25/2010, DHJPAR0041555. ♂, coll. date: 11/7/2010, parasitoid eclosion date: 11/24/2010, DHJPAR0041553. ♀, Elda Araya coll., coll. date: 3/4/2010, parasitoid eclosion date: 4/6/2010, DHJPAR0038911. PageBreak[same as previous except coll. date and eclosion date] ♀, coll. date: 3/4/2010, parasitoid eclosion date: 3/21/2010, DHJPAR0038920. ♀, coll. date: 3/4/2010, parasitoid eclosion date: 3/26/2010, DHJPAR0038918. ♀, coll. date: 3/4/2010, parasitoid eclosion date: 3/25/2010, DHJPAR0038906. ♀, coll. date: 3/4/2010, parasitoid eclosion date: 3/26/2010, DHJPAR0038912. ♀, coll. date: 3/4/2010, parasitoid eclosion date: 3/26/2010, DHJPAR0038916. ♀, coll. date: 6/25/2010, parasitoid eclosion date: 7/11/2010, DHJPAR0040340. ♀, coll. date: 10/25/2010, parasitoid eclosion date: 11/14/2010, DHJPAR0041575. ♀, food plant: , host caterpillar: gelJanzen01 Janzen485, coll. date: 3/7/2010, parasitoid eclosion date: 3/24/2010, DHJPAR0038909. [same as previous except coll. date and eclosion date] ♀, coll. date: 6/10/2010, parasitoid eclosion date: 6/30/2010, DHJPAR0040502. ♀, coll. date: 10/19/2010, parasitoid eclosion date: 11/10/2010, DHJPAR0041563. ♀, host caterpillar: gelJanzen01 Janzen179, 5/6/2011 6/23/2011, DHJPAR0045296. [same as previous except and eclosion date] ♂, 5/6/2011 6/22/2011, DHJPAR0045305. ♀, parasitoid eclosion date: 6/20/2011, DHJPAR0045373. ♀, parasitoid eclosion date: 6/22/2011, DHJPAR0045371. ♀, parasitoid eclosion date: 6/20/2011, DHJPAR0045276. ♀, parasitoid eclosion date: 6/19/2011, DHJPAR0045372. ♀, parasitoid eclosion date: 6/25/2011, DHJPAR0045369. ♀, parasitoid eclosion date: 6/22/2011, DHJPAR0045368. [same as previous except food plant and eclosion date] ♂, food plant: , coll. date: 6/4/2014, parasitoid eclosion date: 6/17/2014, DHJPAR0055506. ♀, Gloria Sihezar coll., coll. date: 6/25/2010, parasiPageBreaktoid eclosion date: 7/20/2010, DHJPAR0040327. [same as previous except coll. date and eclosion date] ♀, coll. date: 7/8/2010, parasitoid eclosion date: 7/30/2010, DHJPAR0040332. ♀, coll. date: 11/1/2010, parasitoid eclosion date: 11/25/2010, DHJPAR0041561. ♂, host caterpillar: designatellaDHJ03, coll date: 7/26/2010, parasitoid eclosion date: 8/8/2010, DHJPAR0040330. [same as previous except eclosion date] ♂, parasitoid eclosion date: 8/13/2010, DHJPAR0040474. ♂, parasitoid eclosion date: 8/12/2010, DHJPAR0040459. ♂, parasitoid eclosion date: 8/11/2010, DHJPAR0040348. ♀, parasitoid eclosion date: 8/13/2010, DHJPAR0040342. ♂, parasitoid eclosion date: 8/13/2010, DHJPAR0040483. ♂, parasitoid eclosion date: 8/17/2010, DHJPAR0041588. ♀, host caterpillar: designatellaDHJ02, coll. date: 9/28/2010, parasitoid eclosion date: 10/25/2010, DHJPAR0041592. [same as previous except coll. date and eclosion date] ♀, coll. date: 3/14/2010, parasitoid eclosion date: 3/29/2010, DHJPAR0038917. [same as previous except as indicated] ♂, food plant: , host caterpillar: gelJanzen01 Janzen485, coll. date: 5/24/2010, parasitoid eclosion date: 6/7/2010, DHJPAR0039509. [same as previous except coll. date and eclosion date] ♂, coll. date: 5/24/2010, parasitoid eclosion date: 6/7/2010, DHJPAR0039516. ♂, coll. date: 5/24/2010, parasitoid eclosion date: 6/8/2010, DHJPAR0039508. ♀, coll. date: 10/30/2010, parasitoid eclosion date: 11/27/2010, DHJPAR0041574. ♀, Gloria Sihezar coll., food plant: , coll. date: 6/25/2010, parasitoid eclosion date: 7/10/2010, DHJPAR0040326. [same as previous except as indicated] ♀, food plant: , host caterpillar: designatellaDHJ02, coll. date: 2/9/2011, parasitoid eclosion date: 3/1/2011, DHJPAR0042843. ♀, Osvaldo Espinoza coll., food plant: , host caterpillar: gelJanzen01 Janzen179, coll. date: 2/9/2011, parasitoid eclosion date: 2/26/2011, DHJPAR0042842. ♂, Osvaldo Espinoza coll., coll. date: 8/29/2010, parasitoid eclosion date: 9/12/2010, DHJPAR0041597. ♀, Rio Blanco Abajo, 500m., Gloria Sihezar coll., food plant: , host caterpillar: gelJanzen01 Janzen179, coll. date: 6/9/2011, parasitoid eclosion date: 6/24/2011, DHJPAR0045374. ♂, Sector Rincon Rain Forest, Sendero Anonas, 405m., Anabelle Cordoba coll., food plant: , host caterpillar: gelJanzen01 Janzen485, coll. date: 5/20/2014, parasitoid eclosion date: 6/10/2014, DHJPAR0055484. ♀, Sector Rincon Rain Forest, Quebrada Bambu, 109m., Cirilo Umaña coll., food plant: , host caterpillar: gelJanzen01 Janzen179, coll. date: 5/29/2014, parasitoid eclosion date: 6/10/2014, DHJPAR0055562. ♀, Guanacaste, Sector Del Oro, Quebrada Raiz, 280m., Roster Moraga coll., food plant: , host caterpillar: gelJanzen01 Janzen485, coll. date 6/3/2005, parasitoid eclosion date: 5/21/2005, DHJPAR0015528. ♀, Guanacaste, Sector Del Oro, Canyon Rio Mena, 560m., Lucia Ríos coll., coll. date: 3/26/2009, parasitoid eclosion date: 5/3/2009, DHJPAR0037860. ♂, Guanacaste, Sector Del Oro, Meteorologico, 590m., Lucia Ríos coll., coll. date: 9/3/2010, parasitoid closion date: 9/21/2010, DHJPAR0041949.

Kang sp. n.

http://zoobank.org/2F55247B-D2C7-4931-982F-7105C023953C

Fig. 26 , 27

Figure 26.

, holotype: A lateral habitus B anterior head C propodeum D dorsal habitus E fore wing F hind wing.

Figure 27.

male: A lateral habitus B anterior head C propodeum D dorsal habitus E fore wing F hind wing.

Vertex of head entirely yellow; fore wing mostly infuscated with a quadrate second submarginal cell; mesoscutum mostly or entirely pale (yellow to orange); median areola of propodeum kite-shaped; anterior transverse carina of propodeum not reaching the lateral margin; median tergites entirely pale (yellow to orange).

Holotype: female. Body length 4.9 mm. Fore wing length 4.9 mm. Fore wing mostly infuscated. Scutellar sulcus with one median longitudinal carina. Median areola of propodeum with well-defined margins. Anterior transverse carina of propodeum not reaching the lateral margin. Lateral longitudinal carinae of median tergite 1 well-defined. Median syntergite 2+3 as long as wide. Ovipositor longer than metasoma, but shorter than body.

Vertical of head and occiput usually mostly melanic. Body length usually shorter than holotype. Median tergites mostly melanic.

Female occiput varies from entirely pale to mostly pale. Male hind femur color varies from mostly pale to black and pale with a similar percentage of each color.

is named in honor of Motohiro Hasegawa in recognition of his participation in the collaborative development of the ICE-ACG geothermal project of Pailas II, northwestern Costa Rica.

Reared 36 times from gelJanzen01 Janzen28, a leaf-tier in the feeding on mature leaves of two species of () in ACG rain forest at 415 to 740 m elevation.

Holotype ♀: Costa Rica, Guanacaste, Sector Pitilla, Sendero Naciente, Area de Conservaciόn Guanacaste 700m., Manuel Rios coll., food plant: , host caterpillar: , subfamily unknown, gelJanzen01 Janzen28, coll. date: 8/30/2010, parasitoid eclosion date: 9/23/2010, DHJPAR0041602. Paratypes: [the following have the same data as the holotype except as indicated] ♀, coll. date: 10/13/2010, parasitoid eclosion date: 11/1/2010, DHJPAR0041962. ♀, coll. date: 8/6/2011, parasitoid eclosion date: 9/10/2011, DHJPAR0048071. ♀, parasitoid eclosion date: 8/29/2011, DHJPAR0045318. ♂, parasitoid eclosion date: 9/8/2011, DHJPAR0048064. ♀, parasitoid eclosion date: 9/8/2011, DHJPAR0048068. ♀, Petrona Rios coll., parasitoid eclosion date: 8/31/2011, DHJPAR0048067. [same as previous except eclosion date] ♂, parasitoid eclosion date: 8/29/2011, DHJPAR0045364. ♂, Calixto Moraga coll., coll. date: 8/9/2011, parasitoid eclosion date: 8/29/2011, DHJPAR0045365. [same as previous except coll. date and eclosion date] ♀, coll. date: 1/17/2011, parasitoid eclosion date: 2/21/2011, DHJPAR0042463. ♀, Sendero Memos, 740m., Petrona Rios coll., coll. date: 8/8/2011, parasitoid eclosion date: 9/18/2011, DHJPAR0048065. [same as previous except eclosion date] ♀, parasitoid eclosion date: 9/9/2011, DHJPAR0048063. ♀, parsitoids eclosion date: 9/10/2011, DHJPAR0048066. ♀, Sendero Nacho, 710m., PageBreakPetrona Rios coll., coll. date: 8/24/2010, parasitoid eclosion date: 10/1/2010, DHJPAR0041601. [same as previous except as indicated] ♀, Manuel Rios coll., coll. date: 9/27/2010, parasitoid eclosion date: 10/21/2010, DHJPAR0041203. [same as previous except eclosion date] ♂, parasitoid eclosion date: 11/2/2010, DHJPAR0041960. ♀, parasitoid eclosion date: 11/3/2010, DHJPAR0041963. ♂, parasitoid eclosion date: 10/28/2010, DHJPAR0041954. ♂, Manguera, 470m., Manuel Rios coll., coll. date: 1/4/2011, parasitoid eclosion date: 1/29/2011, DHJPAR0041577. [same as previous except as indicated] ♀, Ricardo Calero coll., coll. date: 7/15/2011, parasitoid eclosion date: 8/6/2011, DHJPAR0045330. [same as previous except eclosion date] ♀, parasitoid eclosion date: 9/12/2011, DHJPAR0048062. ♀, parasitoid eclosion date: 9/13/2011, DHJPAR0048061. ♀, parasitoid eclosion date: 9/13/2011, DHJPAR0048059. [same as previous except coll. date and eclosion date] ♀, coll. date: 9/11/2011 parasitoid eclosion date: 9/29/2011, DHJPAR0048060. ♂, coll. date: 9/18/2011 parasitoid eclosion date: 10/20/2011, DHJPAR0048073. ♀, coll. date: 9/18/2011 parasitoid eclosion date: 10/24/2011, DHJPAR0048072. ♀, Sendero Cuestona, 640m., Freddy Quesada coll., coll. date: 8/25/2011, parasitoid eclosion date: 9/14/2011, DHJPAR0048070. ♀, Alajuela, Sector San Cristobal, Tajo Angeles, 540m., Elda Araya coll., food plant: , coll. date: 10/9/2010, parasitoid eclosion date: 10/30/2010, DHJPAR0041573. [same as previous except coll. date and eclosion date] ♀, coll. date: 10/23/2010, parasitoid eclosion date: 11/12/2010, DHJPAR0041568. ♀, coll. date: 10/23/2010, parasitoid eclosion date: 12/3/2010, PageBreakDHJPAR0041564. ♀, coll. date: 12/22/2010, parasitoid eclosion date: 1/28/2011, DHJPAR0041584. ♂, Sector Rincon Rain Forest, Jacobo, 461m, Edwin Apu coll., food plant: , coll. date: 1/18/2014, parasitoid eclosion date: 2/6/2014, DHJPAR0054745. ♀, Estacion Caribe, 415m., Pablo Umaña Calderon coll., food plant: , coll. date: 7/31/2009, parasitoid eclosion date: 8/19/2009, DHJPAR0040071.

Kang sp. n.

http://zoobank.org/36FA08EB-98CC-45A1-828D-72542BE201E9

Fig. 28

Figure 28.

holotype: A lateral habitus B anterior head C propodeum D dorsal habitus E fore wing F hind wing.

Apical flagellomeres brown not distinctly paler than subapical flagellomeres; vertex of head entirely melanic; fore wing mostly infuscated; mesoscutum entirely orange; anterior transverse carina of propodeum absent; median tergites entirely orange; median syntergite 2+3 1.5 times longer than wide.

Holotype: female. Body length 6.8 mm. Fore wing length 6.3 mm. Fore wing mostly infuscated. Scutellar sulcus with one median longitudinal carina. Median areola of propodeum with well-defined margins. Anterior transverse carina of propodeum absent. Lateral longitudinal carinae of median tergite 1 well-defined. Median syntergite 2+3 1.5 times longer than wide. Ovipositor about same length as body.

Similar to holotype except for median tergite color. Median tergites usually mostly pale with posterior three terga melanic.

is named in honor of Okchun Kim, grandmother of the first author.

Reared 18 times from three species of () leaf-webbers feeding on mature leaves of five species of broad-leafed monocots (, , , , ) in the and in ACG rain forest 96-575 m elevation.

Holotype ♀: Costa Rica, Alajuela, Sector Rincon Rain Forest, Palomo, Area de Conservaciόn Guanacaste 96m., Cirilo Umaña coll., food plant: , host caterpillar: , , Janzen224, coll. date: 2/20/2012 parasitoid eclosion date: 3/4/2012, DHJPAR0050369. Paratypes: [the following have the same data as the holotype except as indicated] ♀, Sendero Anonas, 405m., Jose Perez coll., food plant: , host caterpillar: Janzen78, coll. date: 12/9/2010 parasitoid eclosion date: 1/2/2011, DHJPAR0041164. ♂, Anabelle Cordoba coll., food plant: , host caterpillar: Janzen727, coll. date: 12/4/2012, parasitoid eclosion date: 12/23/2012, DHJPAR0051363. ♀, Quebrada Bambu, 109m., Cirilo Umaña coll. food plant: , host caterpillar: Janzen78, coll. date: 10/29/2012, parasitoid eclosion date: 11/16/2012, DHJPAR0050939. [same as previous except coll. date and eclosion date] PageBreak♀, coll. date: 2/14/2013, parasitoid eclosion date: 3/24/2013, DHJPAR0051910. ♂, coll. date: 12/30/2014, parasitoid eclosion date: 1/16/2015, DHJPAR0057424. ♂, coll. date: 12/30/2014, parasitoid eclosion date: 1/14/2015, DHJPAR0056977. ♀, coll. date: 1/6/2015, parasitoid eclosion date: 1/20/2015, DHJPAR0056982. ♀, coll. date: 1/6/2015, parasitoid eclosion date: 1/20/2015, DHJPAR0056980. ♂, Finca Esmeralda, 123m., Cirilo Umaña coll., food plant: , host caterpillar: Janzen78, coll. date: 1/6/2015, parasitoid eclosion date: 1/18/2015, DHJPAR0056981. ♀, Sector San Cristobal, Sendero Colegio, 520m., Carolina Cano coll. food plant: , host caterpillar: Janzen78, coll. date: 9/30/2009, parasitoid eclosion date: 10/12/2009, DHJPAR0037191. ♀, Estacion San Gerardo, 575m., Gloria Sihezar coll. food plant: (introduced), host caterpillar: Janzen727, coll. date: 5/1/2014, parasitoid eclosion date: 5/16/2014, DHJPAR0055345. [same as previous except coll. date and eclosion date] ♀, coll. date: 5/1/2014, parasitoid eclosion date: 5/17/2014, DHJPAR0055355. ♀, coll. date: 5/1/2014, parasitoid eclosion date: 5/19/2014, DHJPAR0055984. ♀, Rio Blanco Abajo, 500m., Gloria Sihezar coll., food plant: (introduced), host caterpillar: Janzen727, coll. date: 5/9/2014, parasitoid eclosion date: 6/1/2014, DHJPAR0055819. ♀, Guanacaste, Sector Pitilla, Pasmompa, 440m., Manuel Rios coll., food plant: , host caterpillar: Janzen78, coll. date: 12/1/2005, parasitoid eclosion date: 12/16/2005, DHJPAR0015529.

Kang sp. n.

http://zoobank.org/388474DC-9ED2-4C53-A0EA-46C8AA3EAFB4

Fig. 29

Figure 29.

holotype: A lateral habitus B anterior head C propodeum D dorsal habitus E fore wing F hind wing.

Vertex of head entirely melanic; fore wing mostly infuscated; pronotum mostly orange, anteriorly black; mesoscutum entirely orange; anterior transverse carina of propodeum absent; median tergites entirely pale (yellow to orange); median syntergite 2+3 1.1 times longer than wide.

Holotype: female. Body length 4.8 mm. Fore wing length 5.0 mm. Fore wing mostly infuscated. Pronotum bicolored. Scutellar sulcus with one median longitudinal carina. Median areola of propodeum with well-defined margins. Anterior transverse carina of propodeum absent. Lateral longitudinal carinae of median tergite 1 well-defined. Median syntergite 2+3 1.1 times longer than wide. Ovipositor longer than metasoma, but shorter than body.

Unknown.

is named in honor of Pablo Cobb in recognition of his participation in the collaborative development of the ICE-ACG geothermal project of Pailas II, northwestern Costa Rica.

Reared one time from elachJanzen01 Janzen640 (), a stenomine leaf-tier feeding on mature foliage of () in ACG dry forest – rain forest ecotone at 722 m elevation.

Holotype ♀: Costa Rica, Alajuela, Sector San Cristobal, Jardin Estrada, Area de Conservaciόn Guanacaste 722m., Gloria Sihezar coll., food plant: , host caterpillar: , , elachJanzen01 Janzen640, coll. date: 8/19/2009, parasitoid eclosion date: 9/16/2009, DHJPAR0037189.

Kang sp. n.

http://zoobank.org/E4012DEC-AAA8-4964-A1D2-F714C99EC057

Fig. 30

Figure 30.

holotype: A lateral habitus B anterior head C propodeum D dorsal habitus E fore wing F hind wing.

Fore wing with two black bands; pronotum entirely black; lateral longitudinal carinae of median tergite 1 blunt.

Holotype: male. Body length 7.6 mm. Fore wing length 6.7 mm. Fore wing with two black bands. Scutellar sulcus with two longitudinal carinae. Anterior transverse carina of propodeum absent. Median areola of propodeum lacking well-defined margins. Lateral longitudinal carinae of median tergite 1 blunt. Median syntergite 2+3 1.6 times longer than wide.

Unknown.

is named in honor of Roberto Fernández in recognition of his participation in the collaborative development of the ICE-ACG geothermal project of Pailas II, northwestern Costa Rica.

Reared only one time and from the leaf-tier Janzen687 () feeding on mature leaves of () at the intersection of the ACG dry forest and rain forest ecosystems at 540 m elevation.

Holotype ♂: Costa Rica, Alajuela, Sector San Cristobal, Tajo Angeles, Area de Conservaciόn Guanacaste 540m., Carolina Cano coll., food plant: , host caterpillar: , , Janzen687, coll. date: 6/7/2010, parasitoid eclosion date: 6/23/2010, DHJPAR0040221.

Kang sp. n.

http://zoobank.org/DE0D5410-134C-43BF-8A55-51B006AE8C76

Fig. 31

Figure 31.

holotype: A lateral habitus B anterior head C propodeum D dorsal habitus E fore wing F hind wing.

Fore wing mostly infuscated; mesoscutum entirely black; median areola of propodeum with well-defined margins; anterior transverse carina of propodeum absent; median tergites entirely orange; lateral longitudinal carinae of median tergite 1 blunt.

Holotype: female. Body length 6.0 mm. Fore wing length 6.4 mm. Fore wing mostly infuscated. Scutellar sulcus with three longitudinal carinae. Median areola of propodeum with well-defined margins. Anterior transverse carina of propodeum absent. Lateral longitudinal carinae of median tergite 1 blunt. Ovipositor longer than metasoma, but shorter than body. Median syntergite 2+3 0.9 times longer than wide.

Similar to holotype.

is named in honor of Roger Blanco in recognition of his participation in the collaborative development of the ICE-ACG geothermal project of Pailas II, northwestern Costa Rica.

Reared eight times, one time from a waif pupa and seven times from gelJanzen01 Janzen356 (, ) feeding on mature leaves of and () in ACG rainforest at 600 to 1180 m elevation.

Holotype ♀: Costa Rica, Alajuela, Sector San Cristobal, Finca San Gabriel, Area de Conservaciόn Guanacaste 645m., Carolina Cano coll., food plant: , host caterpillar: , , gelJanzen01 Janzen356, coll. date: 1/28/2010, parasitoid eclosion date: 2/25/2010, DHJPAR0038905. Paratypes: [the following have the same data as the holotype except as indicated] ♀, coll. date: 11/30/2012, parasitoid eclosion date: 1/1/2013, DHJPAR0051361. ♂, coll. date: 2/21/2013, parasitoid eclosion date: 3/18/2013, DHJPAR0051914. ♂, Jardin Estrada, 722m., Gloria Sihezar coll., coll. date: 12/10/2013, parasitoid eclosion date: 1/14/2014, DHJPAR0054536. ♂, Guanacaste, Sendero Segundo, 1180m., Manuel Pereira coll., food plant: , coll. date: 7/30/2007, parasitoid eclosion date: 8/24/2007, DHJPAR0028281. ♂, Guanacaste, Sector Santa Maria, Sendero Canal, 799m., Mariano Pereira coll., food plant: , coll. date: 7/23/2009, parasitoid eclosion date: 8/10/2009, DHJPAR0036354. ♀, Guanacaste, Sector Cacao, Gongora Bananal, 600m., Dunia Garcia coll., food plant unknown, host caterpillar: , , species unknown, coll. date: 6/29/2006, parasitoid eclosion date: 7/24/2006, DHJPAR0028278.

Kang sp. n.

http://zoobank.org/6E529BF2-79C8-4B9C-9C3C-DC555133BCCD

Fig. 32

Figure 32.

holotype: A lateral habitus B anterior head C propodeum D dorsal habitus E fore wing F hind wing.

Scutellar sulcus lacking longitudinal carina; fore wing mostly infuscated; anterior transverse carina of propodeum not reaching the lateral margin; median tergites mostly black.

Holotype: female. Body length 7.5 mm. Fore wing length 7.3 mm. Fore wing mostly infuscated. Scutellar sulcus lacking longitudinal carina. Median areola of propodeum with well-defined margins. Anterior transverse carina of propodeum not reaching the lateral margin. Lateral longitudinal carinae of median tergite 1 well-defined. Median syntergite 2+3 1.2 times longer than wide. Ovipositor length about same length as body.

Unknown.

is named in honor of Salvador López in recognition of his participation in the collaborative development of the ICE-ACG geothermal project of Pailas II, northwestern Costa Rica.

Reared five times from two species of leaf-tying () feeding on () in ACG in the rain forest rain forest at 700 m elevation.

Holotype ♀: Costa Rica, Alajuela, Sector San Cristobal, Quebrada Cementerio, Area de Conservaciόn Guanacaste 700m., Osvaldo Espinoza coll., food plant: , host caterpillar: , , Janzen06, coll. date: 7/6/2009, parasitoid eclosion date: 8/6/2009, DHJPAR0036355. Paratypes: [the following have the same data as the holotype except as indicated] ♀, parasitoid eclosion date: 8/15/2009, DHJPAR0036345. ♀, host caterpillar: Janzen12, coll. date: 11/19/2009, parasitoid eclosion date: 12/18/2009, DHJPAR0037949.

Kang sp. n.

http://zoobank.org/571E1D60-DF10-4EB9-B070-8291838382F7

Fig. 33

Figure 33.

holotype: A lateral habitus B anterior head C propodeum D dorsal habitus E fore wing F hind wing.

Fore wing mostly infuscated; hind coxa entirely pale; mesoscutum entirely black; scutellar sulcus with one median longitudinal carina; anterior transverse carina of propodeum reaching the lateral margin; median tergites mostly pale with posterior terga black; median syntergite 2+3 as long as wide.

Holotype: female. Body length 5.5 mm. Fore wing length 5.3 mm. Fore wing mostly infuscated. Scutellar sulcus with one median longitudinal carina. Median areola of propodeum with well-defined margins. Anterior transverse carina of propodeum reaching the lateral margin. Lateral longitudinal carinae of median tergite 1 well-defined. Median syntergite 2+3 as long as wide. Ovipositor longer than metasoma, but shorter than body.

Unknown.

Named in honor of Sangyeon Park, father-in-law of the first author.

Reared one time from elachJanzen01 Janzen847 () as a leaf-tier feeding on mature leaves of () in ACG rain forest at 527 m elevation.

Holotype ♀: Costa Rica, Alajuela, Sector San Cristobal, Sendero Huerta, Area de Conservaciόn Guanacaste 527m., Carolina Cano coll., food plant: , host caterpillar: , subfamily unknown, elachJanzen01 Janzen847, coll. date: 11/4/2011, parasitoid eclosion date: 11/21/2011, DHJPAR0046955.

Kang sp. n.

http://zoobank.org/8A0864DC-0480-4A42-9052-2E32B869093B

Fig. 34

Figure 34.

holotype: A lateral habitus B anterior head C propodeum D dorsal habitus E wings.

Fore wing mostly infuscated; pronotum entirely pale; mesoscutum entirely pale; scutellar sulcus lacking longitudinal carina; anterior transverse carina of propodeum reaching the lateral margin; median tergites mostly melanic, anteriorly white.

Holotype: female. Body length 5.1 mm. Fore wing length 4.8 mm. Fore wing mostly infuscated. Scutellar sulcus lacking longitudinal carina. Median areola of propodeum with well-defined margins. Anterior transverse carina of propodeum reaching the lateral margin. Lateral longitudinal carinae of median tergite 1 well-defined. Median syntergite 2+3 as long as wide. Ovipositor slightly longer than body.

Unknown.

Named in honor of Sarah Meierotto, graduate student in the Department of Entomology at the University of Kentucky, for her assistance.

Reared four times from Janzen82 (, ) feeding on mature leaves of () in ACG rain forest at 730 m elevation.

Holotype ♀: Costa Rica, Alajuela, Sector San Cristobal, Sendero Vivero, Area de Conservaciόn Guanacaste 730m., Elda Araya coll., food plant: , host caterpillar: , , Janzen82, coll. date: 12/20/2014, parasitoid eclosion date: 1/13/2015, DHJPAR0056993. Paratypes: [the following have the same data as the holotype except as indicated] 2♀, parasitoid eclosion date: 1/10/2015, DHJPAR0056984, DHJPAR0056991. ♀, parasitoid eclosion date: 1/17/2015, DHJPAR0056992.

Kang sp. n.

http://zoobank.org/93CB5271-223B-4600-8D35-75486F6BA0C5

Fig. 35

Figure 35.

holotype: A lateral habitus, B. anterior head C propodeum D dorsal habitus E fore wing F hind wing.

Fore wing hyaline; fore wing RS+Ma tubular on more than half its length; anterior transverse carina of propodeum reaching the lateral margin; median tergites mostly pale with posterior terga black.

Holotype: male. Body length 3.9 mm. Fore wing length 3.6 mm. Fore wing hyaline. Fore wing RS+Ma more complete. Scutellar sulcus with four longitudinal carinae. Median areola of propodeum with well-defined margins. Anterior transverse carina of propodeum reaching the lateral margin. Lateral longitudinal carinae of median tergite 1 well-defined. Median syntergite 2+3 1.1 times longer than wide.

Unknown.

Male mesoscutum varies from less melanic to mostly pale. Male propodeum varies bicolored to entirely pale.

is named in honor of Sergio Bermúdez in recognition of his participation in the collaborative development of the ICE-ACG geothermal project of Pailas II, northwestern Costa Rica.

Reared two times from (, ) leaf-tier feeding on new foliage of () in ACG dry forest at 420 m elevation.

Holotype ♂: Costa Rica, Guanacaste, Sector Mundo Nuevo, Punta Plancha, Area de Conservaciόn Guanacaste 420m., Mariano Pereira coll., food plant: , host caterpillar: , , , coll. date: 1/5/2009, parasitoid eclosion date: 1/19/2009, DHJPAR0034286. Paratype: [the following has the same data as the holotype except as indicated] DHJPAR0030601.

Kang sp. n.

http://zoobank.org/5E10353D-E093-4A12-886F-C92596DEE86E

Fig. 36

Figure 36.

holotype: A lateral habitus B anterior head C propodeum D dorsal habitus E fore wing F hind wing.

Fore wing mostly infuscated; hind coxa entirely pale; mesoscutum entirely black; scutellar sulcus lacking longitudinal carina; anterior transverse carina of propodeum reaching the lateral margin.

Holotype: male. Body length 5.2 mm. Fore wing length 4.8 mm. Fore wing mostly infuscated. Scutellar sulcus lacking longitudinal carina. Median areola of propodeum with well-defined margins. Anterior transverse carina of propodeum reaching the lateral margin. Lateral longitudinal carinae of median tergite 1 well-defined. Median syntergite 2+3 1.2 times longer than wide.

Unknown.

is named in honor of Sigifredo Marín in recognition of his participation in the collaborative development of the ICE-ACG geothermal project of Pailas II, northwestern Costa Rica.

Reared three times from Janzen224 (, ) feeding on mature leaves of () in ACG rain forest at 410 to 620 m elevation.

Holotype ♂: Costa Rica, Guanacaste, Sector Del Oro, Tangelo, Area de Conservaciόn Guanacaste 410m., Elieth Cantillano coll., food plant: , host caterpillar: , , Janzen224, coll. date: 1/6/2011, parasitoid eclosion date: 1/31/2011, DHJPAR0042545. Paratypes: [the following have the same data as the holotype except as indicated] ♂, Bosque Aguirre, 620m., Roster Moraga coll., coll. date: 5/7/2010, parasitoid eclosion date: 5/31/2010, DHJPageBreakPAR0040328. ♂, Sector Pitilla, Coneja, 415m., Dinia Martinez coll., food plant: , coll. date: 5/6/2013, parasitoid eclosion date: 5/27/2013, DHJPAR0052899.

Kang sp. n.

http://zoobank.org/6890246F-A78D-4AA9-AE26-F4322390B5DE

Fig. 37

Figure 37.

holotype: A lateral habitus B anterior head C propodeum D dorsal habitus E fore wing F hind wing.

Fore wing with one black band; vertex of head entirely melanic.

Holotype: female. Body length 8.9 mm. Fore wing length 8.1 mm. Fore wing with one black band. Scutellar sulcus with one median longitudinal carina. Anterior transverse carina of propodeum not reaching the lateral margin. Median areola of propodeum with well-defined margins. Lateral longitudinal carinae of median tergite 1 well-defined. Median syntergite 2+3 1.5 times longer than wide. Ovipositor slightly longer than body.

Body length usually shorter than holotype. Hind femur varies from mostly pale to mostly melanic.

Named in honor of Youngche Choi, mother of the first author.

Reared five times from two species of stenomatine leaf-tiers feeding on mature leaves of () in ACG rain forest at 540 to 740 m elevation.

Holotype ♀: Costa Rica, Alajuela, Sector San Cristobal, Cementerio Viejo, Area de Conservaciόn Guanacaste 570m., Carolina Cano coll., food plant: , host caterpillar: , , Janzen140, coll. date: 11/27/2013, parasitoid eclosion date: 12/31/2013, DHJPAR0054499. Paratypes: [the following have the same data as the holotype except as indicated] ♀, Guanacaste, Sector Pitilla, Sendero Memos, 740m., Elieth Cantillano coll., coll. date: 4/27/2007 parasitoid eclosion date: 5/27/2007, DHJPAR0021132. ♂, Finca San Gabriel, 645m., host caterpillar: Janzen134, coll. date: 4/1/2013, parasitoid eclosion date: 4/30/2013, DHJPAR0052197. ♀, Tajo Angeles, 540m., Elda Araya coll., host caterpillar: Janzen134, coll. date: 12/31/2010, parasitoid eclosion date: 1/24/2011, DHJPAR0041586. [same as previous except as eclosion date] ♂, parasitoid eclosion date:1/25/2011, DHJPAR0041585.

1	A. Fore wing mostly or entirely infuscated	2
–	B. Fore wing hyaline or with a slight yellow tinge	28
–	C. Fore wing with one apical black band	31
–	D. Fore wing with two black bands	33
2(1)	A. Median tergites mostly or entirely melanic (brown to black)	3
–	B. Median tergites entirely pale (yellow to orange) or mostly pale with posterior terga black	10
3(2)	A. Scutellar sulcus with at least one longitudinal carina	4
–	B. Scutellar sulcus lacking longitudinal carinae	6
4(3)	A. Lateral tergites one and two entirely white	L. cesarmorai
–	B. Lateral tergites one and two mostly or entirely yellow	5
5(4)	A. Hind femur mostly pale (yellow to orange) or black and pale with a similar percentage of each color	L. motohasegawai ♂
–	B. Hind femur mostly black, pale apically	L. miguelviquezi ♂
6(3)	A. Mesoscutum mostly or entirely melanic (brown to black)	L. guillermopereirai
–	B. Mesoscutum mostly or entirely pale (yellow to orange)	7
7(6)	A. Pronotum entirely pale (yellow to orange)	8
–	B. Pronotum bicolored	9
8(7)	A. Anterior transverse carina of propodeum reaching the lateral margin	L. sarahmeierottoae
–	B. Anterior transverse carina of propodeum not reaching the lateral margin or absent	L. salvadorlopezi
9(7)	A. Mesopleuron bicolored	L. anamariamongeae
–	B. Mesopleuron entirely pale (yellow to orange)	L. luisgaritai
10(2)	A. Mesoscutum mostly or entirely melanic	11
–	B. Mesoscutum mostly or entirely pale (yellow to orange)	18
11(10)	A. Anterior transverse carina of propodeum reaching the lateral margin	12
–	B. Anterior transverse carina of propodeum not reaching the lateral margin or absent	15
12(11)	A. Hind coxa entirely black	L. hernanbravoi
–	B. Hind coxa mostly or entirely pale	13
13(12)	A. Scutellar sulcus with at least one longitudinal carina	14
–	B. Scutellar sulcus lacking longitudinal carinae	L. sigifredomarini
14(13)	A. Median syntergite 2+3 1.4× longer than wide	L. gahyunae
–	B. Median syntergite 2+3 as long as wide	L. sangyeoni
15(11)	A. Lateral longitudinal carinae of median tergite 1 well-defined	16
–	B. Lateral longitudinal carinae of median tergite 1 blunt	17
16(15)	A. Median areola of propodeum spindle-shaped; median areola length 6× its width; median areola closed posteriorly	L. josecortesi
–	B. Median areola of propodeum wide anteriorly narrow and not closed posteriorly; median areola length 11× its width	L. eliethcantillanoae
17(15)	A. Median areola of propodeum with well-defined margins	L. rogerblancoi
–	B. Median areola of propodeum lacking well-defined margins	L. angelagonzalezae
18(10)	A. Anterior transverse carina of propodeum reaching the lateral margin	19
–	B. Anterior transverse carina of propodeum not reaching the lateral margin or absent	21
19(18)	A. Pronotum entirely pale (yellow to orange)	20
–	B. Pronotum bicolored	L. johanvalerioi
20(19)	A. Vertex of head entirely melanic; hind tibia black basally and distally, yellow at mid-length	L. alejandromasisi
–	B. Vertex of head mostly or entirely yellow; hind tibia pale basally, black apically	L. chrysokeras
21(18)	A. Fore wing second submarginal cell weakly quadrate	22
–	B. Fore wing second submarginal cell triangular	24
22(21)	A. Pronotum entirely pale (yellow to orange)	23
–	B. Pronotum bicolored	L. pablocobbi
23(22)	A. Median areola length 4× its width; median areola of propodeum kite-shaped	L. motohasegawai ♀
–	B. Median areola length 15× its width; median areola of propodeum spindle-shaped	L. gisukae
24(21)	A. Apical flagellomeres usually bright yellow, always distinctly paler than subapical flagellomeres	L. chrysokeras
–	B. Apical flagellomeres brown not distinctly paler than subapical flagellomeres	25
25(24)	A. Median areola of propodeum kite-shaped	L. miguelviquezi ♀
–	B. Median areola of propodeum spindle-shaped	26
26(25)	A. Vertex of head entirely melanic	27
–	B. Vertex of head mostly or entirely yellow	L. gustavoindunii
27(26)	A. Median syntergite 2+3 1.1 times longer than wide	L. alfredomainieri
–	B. Median syntergite 2+3 1.5 times longer than wide	L. okchunae
28(1)	A. Median tergites mostly or entirely melanic (brown to black)	L. cesarmorai
–	B. Median tergites entirely pale (yellow to orange) or mostly pale with posterior terga black	29
29(28)	A. Anterior transverse carinae of propodeum reaching the lateral margin; median areola of propodeum kite-shaped	30
–	B. Anterior transverse carinae of propodeum not reaching the lateral margin or absent; median areola of propodeum spindle-shaped	L. ivanniasandovalae
30(29)	A. Fore wing RS+Ma tubular on more than half its length	L. sergiobermudezi
–	B. Fore wing RS+Ma tubular on less than one third its length	L. mariamartachavarriae
31(1)	A. Vertex of head mostly or entirely melanic	L. youngcheae
–	B. Vertex of head mostly or entirely yellow	32
32(31)	A. Mid tibia mostly black, yellow basally	L. eddysanchezi
–	B. Mid tibia with a sub-basal black patch and black apically, yellow at mid-length and basally	L. hartmanguidoi
33(1)	A. Pronotum entirely melanic	34
–	B. Pronotum bicolored	L. ericchapmani
34(33)	A. Lateral longitudinal carinae of median tergite 1 well-defined	L. hokwoni
–	B. Lateral longitudinal carinae of median tergite 1 blunt.	L. robertofernandezi