Maida P Galvez1,2, Kathleen McGovern3,2, Susan L Teitelbaum3,2, Gayle Windham4, Mary S Wolff3,2. 1. Departments of Environmental Medicine and Public Health and maida.galvez@mssm.edu. 2. Pediatrics, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York City, New York; and. 3. Departments of Environmental Medicine and Public Health and. 4. California Department of Public Health, Richmond, California.
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: Exposures to environmental chemicals are ubiquitous in the US. Little is known about how neighborhood factors contribute to exposures. METHODS: Growing Up Healthy is a prospective cohort study of environmental exposures and growth and development among Hispanic and African American children (n = 506) in New York City. We sought to determine associations between neighborhood-level factors (eg, housing type, school, time spent indoors versus outdoors) and urinary biomarkers of chemical exposures suspected to be associated with these characteristics (cotinine, 2,5-dichlorophenol, and phthalate metabolites) adjusted by age, sex, race, and caregiver education and language. RESULTS: Urinary cotinine concentrations revealed a prevalent exposure to secondhand smoke; children living in public housing had higher concentrations than those in private housing. In homes with 1 smoker versus none, we found significant differences in urinary cotinine concentrations by housing, although not in homes with 2 or more smokers. Children in charter or public schools had higher urinary cotinine concentrations than those in private schools. School type was associated with exposures to both low- and high-molecular-weight phthalates, and concentrations of both exposure biomarkers were higher for children attending public versus private school. 2,5-Dichlorophenol concentrations declined from 2004 to 2007 (P = .038) and were higher among charter school children. CONCLUSIONS: Housing and school type are associated with chemical exposures in this minority, inner city population. Understanding the role of neighborhood on environmental exposures can lead to targeted community-level interventions, with the goal of reducing environmental chemical exposures disproportionately seen in urban minority communities.
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: Exposures to environmental chemicals are ubiquitous in the US. Little is known about how neighborhood factors contribute to exposures. METHODS: Growing Up Healthy is a prospective cohort study of environmental exposures and growth and development among Hispanic and African American children (n = 506) in New York City. We sought to determine associations between neighborhood-level factors (eg, housing type, school, time spent indoors versus outdoors) and urinary biomarkers of chemical exposures suspected to be associated with these characteristics (cotinine, 2,5-dichlorophenol, and phthalate metabolites) adjusted by age, sex, race, and caregiver education and language. RESULTS: Urinary cotinine concentrations revealed a prevalent exposure to secondhand smoke; children living in public housing had higher concentrations than those in private housing. In homes with 1 smoker versus none, we found significant differences in urinary cotinine concentrations by housing, although not in homes with 2 or more smokers. Children in charter or public schools had higher urinary cotinine concentrations than those in private schools. School type was associated with exposures to both low- and high-molecular-weight phthalates, and concentrations of both exposure biomarkers were higher for children attending public versus private school. 2,5-Dichlorophenol concentrations declined from 2004 to 2007 (P = .038) and were higher among charter school children. CONCLUSIONS: Housing and school type are associated with chemical exposures in this minority, inner city population. Understanding the role of neighborhood on environmental exposures can lead to targeted community-level interventions, with the goal of reducing environmental chemical exposures disproportionately seen in urban minority communities.
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