Stephanie Mulhall1, Ross Andel2, Kaarin J Anstey3. 1. The Australian National University, Centre for Research on Ageing, Health and Wellbeing, Canberra, ACT, Australia; The Australian National University, Research School of Psychology, Canberra, ACT, Australia. Electronic address: stephanie.mulhall@anu.edu.au. 2. The Australian National University, Centre for Research on Ageing, Health and Wellbeing, Canberra, ACT, Australia; University of South Florida, School of Aging Studies, Tampa, FL, United States. 3. The Australian National University, Centre for Research on Ageing, Health and Wellbeing, Canberra, ACT, Australia.
Abstract
OBJECTIVES: To examine the association between menopausal status and the risk of symptoms of depression and anxiety in a community-based sample of Australian midlife women. STUDY DESIGN: Female participants (mean age 50.6±1.5) who were premenopausal (n=237), perimenopausal (n=249) or naturally postmenopausal (n=225) were drawn from the Personality and Total Health (PATH) Through Life Project, a longitudinal study. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Symptoms of depression and anxiety were measured using the Goldberg Depression Scale and Goldberg Anxiety Scale. Generalised linear regression models with a negative binomial log link were used. RESULTS: Relative to premenopause and after adjusting for all relevant covariates, being perimenopausal was associated with increased risk of greater symptoms of depression (incidence rate ratio [IRR]=1.29, p=0.001), while being postmenopausal was associated with increased risk of greater symptoms of anxiety (IRR=1.15, p=0.041). Being perimenopausal or postmenopausal was associated with an increased risk of greater symptoms of depression (IRR=1.35, p=0.008; IRR=1.31, p=0.029) and anxiety (IRR=1.22, p=0.030; IRR=1.32, p=0.006) in women without a history of probable major depressive disorder or generalised anxiety disorder. Risk of symptoms did not differ with menopausal status in women with this history. CONCLUSIONS: Menopausal status is associated with the risk of symptoms of depression and anxiety. There is a greater likelihood of increased symptoms of depression during perimenopause and symptoms of anxiety during postmenopause. In women without a history of depression or anxiety, the perimenopause and postmenopausal stages are associated with increased risk of greater symptoms of anxiety and depression relative to premenopause.
OBJECTIVES: To examine the association between menopausal status and the risk of symptoms of depression and anxiety in a community-based sample of Australian midlife women. STUDY DESIGN: Female participants (mean age 50.6±1.5) who were premenopausal (n=237), perimenopausal (n=249) or naturally postmenopausal (n=225) were drawn from the Personality and Total Health (PATH) Through Life Project, a longitudinal study. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Symptoms of depression and anxiety were measured using the Goldberg Depression Scale and Goldberg Anxiety Scale. Generalised linear regression models with a negative binomial log link were used. RESULTS: Relative to premenopause and after adjusting for all relevant covariates, being perimenopausal was associated with increased risk of greater symptoms of depression (incidence rate ratio [IRR]=1.29, p=0.001), while being postmenopausal was associated with increased risk of greater symptoms of anxiety (IRR=1.15, p=0.041). Being perimenopausal or postmenopausal was associated with an increased risk of greater symptoms of depression (IRR=1.35, p=0.008; IRR=1.31, p=0.029) and anxiety (IRR=1.22, p=0.030; IRR=1.32, p=0.006) in women without a history of probable major depressive disorder or generalised anxiety disorder. Risk of symptoms did not differ with menopausal status in women with this history. CONCLUSIONS: Menopausal status is associated with the risk of symptoms of depression and anxiety. There is a greater likelihood of increased symptoms of depression during perimenopause and symptoms of anxiety during postmenopause. In women without a history of depression or anxiety, the perimenopause and postmenopausal stages are associated with increased risk of greater symptoms of anxiety and depression relative to premenopause.
Authors: Madeline E Graham; William G Herbert; Stephanie D Song; Harshini N Raman; Jade E Zhu; Paulina E Gonzalez; Marina R S Walther-António; Marc J Tetel Journal: Trends Endocrinol Metab Date: 2021-05-25 Impact factor: 10.586
Authors: Rodrigo Serrano-Checa; Fidel Hita-Contreras; José Daniel Jiménez-García; Alexander Achalandabaso-Ochoa; Agustín Aibar-Almazán; Antonio Martínez-Amat Journal: Int J Environ Res Public Health Date: 2020-06-05 Impact factor: 3.390