Emerging Approaches to Neurocircuits in PTSD and TBI: Imaging the Interplay of Neural and Emotional Trauma.

Posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) and traumatic brain injury (TBI) commonly co-occur in general and military populations and have a number of overlapping symptoms. While research suggests that TBI is risk factor for PTSD and that PTSD may mediate TBI-related outcomes, the mechanisms of these relationships are not well understood. Neuroimaging may help elucidate patterns of neurocircuitry both specific and common to PTSD and TBI and thus help define the nature of their interaction, refine diagnostic classification, and may potentially yield opportunities for targeted treatments. In this review, we provide a summary of some of the most common and the most innovative neuroimaging approaches used to characterize the neural circuits associated with PTSD, TBI, and their comorbidity. We summarize the state of the science for each disorder and describe the few studies that have explicitly attempted to characterize the neural substrates of their shared and dissociable influence. While some promising targets in the medial frontal lobes exist, there is not currently a comprehensive understanding of the neurocircuitry mediating the interaction of PTSD and TBI. Future studies should exploit innovative neuroimaging approaches and longitudinal designs to specifically target the neural mechanisms driving PTSD-TBI-related outcomes.