The potential of the CMB305 vaccine regimen to target NY-ESO-1 and improve outcomes for synovial sarcoma and myxoid/round cell liposarcoma patients.

INTRODUCTION: Synovial Sarcoma (SS) and Myxoid Round Cell Liposarcoma (MRCL) are devastating sarcoma subtypes with few treatment options and poor outcomes in the advanced setting. However, both these diseases may be ideal for novel immunotherapies targeting the cancer-testis antigen, NY-ESO-1. AREAS COVERED: In this review, we discuss the novel NY-ESO-1 targeted vaccine regimen, CMB305. This regimen uses a unique integration-deficient, dendritic-cell targeting lentiviral vector from the ZVex® platform, LV305, in order to prime NY-ESO-1 specific T cells. LV305 has single agent activity, and, in one case, caused a durable partial response in a refractory SS patient. CMB305 also includes a boost from a NY-ESO-1 protein vaccine given along with a potent toll-like-4 receptor agonist, glycopyranosyl lipid A. CMB305 induces NY-ESO-1 specific T cell responses in both SS and MRC patients and these patients had excellent overall survival (OS) outcomes in the initial phase I study. EXPERT COMMENTARY: CMB305 is a therapeutic vaccine regimen targeting NY-ESO-1 based on the lentiviral vaccine vector, LV305. Phase I studies have proven this vaccine is active immunologically. Data suggesting this vaccine may improve OS for SS and MRCL patients is exciting but early, and on-going work is testing the impact of CMB305 on patient outcomes.

Introduction

Soft tissue sarcomas (STS) are a heterogeneous group of over 70 distinct mesenchymal neoplasms together comprising 1% of all cancers and with a median overall survival (OS) in the range of 18 months in the metastatic setting [1]. Currently, the standard frontline therapy for metastatic and locally advanced unresectable STS is doxorubicin based (response rate of 20–30%), either as a single agent or in a combination, resulting in a median progression-free survival (PFS) of approximately 4–6 months depending on the specific regimen [2,3]. At many centers in the United States, doxorubicin is given with olaratumab, which received US FDA breakthrough approval based on a survival benefit in a Phase II trial. A Phase III trial will test whether this result can be confirmed; this trial has completed accrual and the final survival data is pending [4]. Other FDA-approved treatments for STS include pazopanib, trabectedin, and eribulin which all improve PFS improvement by 3–5 months [5-7]. Older chemotherapeutics such as ifosamide, dacarbazine, and gemcitabine either alone or in a doublet are also often used in the advanced setting [8,9]. Treatment options are limited and outcomes remain poor. Novel immunotherapeutic options with the potential to improve longevity with minimal toxicity are sorely needed [10].

Synovial sarcoma (SS) and myxoid/round cell liposarcoma (MRCL) are two translocation-associated soft-tissue sarcoma subtypes that may initially be sensitive to systemic therapy but can be very difficult to treat in the advanced setting. Both disproportionately impact younger populations; the median age of diagnosis for SS is in the 20–30s and for MRCL is in the early 40s [11-14]. There are approximately 800 cases of SS in the US annually, and nearly all are associated with the t(X;18) translocation and expression of one of its resultant SYT-SSX fusion proteins [11,15,16]. MRCL has a similar incidence, comprising approximately 20–30% of liposarcomas and is associated with a characteristic translocation t(12;16)(q13;p11) [14,17,18].

Most patients with SS and MRCL will have homogenous expression of the highly immunogenic tumor-associated antigen NY-ESO-1 [19,20]. Furthermore, while these patients have rare NY-ESO-1-specific T-cells circulating in their blood [21], they lack a robust inflammatory response and generally have relatively few T-cells infiltrating the tumor [22]. Agents with the potential to induce a robust endogenous tumor-specific T-cell population have the potential to dramatically shape the immune response against these rare malignancies.

In this review, we will discuss the dendritic cell (DC)-targeted lentiviral NY-ESO-1 vaccine, LV305, as well as the CMB305 prime-boost regimen that uses LV305 as its foundation. These vaccine strategies have proven themselves capable of inducing strong NY-ESO-1-specific immune responses and early data on patient clinical outcomes is promising.

Lentiviral vaccines targeting DCs

Because DCs play a key role in shaping the overall immune response, there is a great desire to direct them for therapeutic applications [23,24]. Although DCs play a critical role for shaping both CD4+ and CD8+ T-cell responses, engineering strategies must pay particularly close attention to the CD8+ T-cell response as this may be harder to initiate. Unlike major histocompatibility complex (MHC) class II which can efficiently cross-present exogenous peptides, resulting in robust activation of CD4 T-cells, DC cross-presentation of phagocytosed exogenous proteins or peptides via class I MHC is quite inefficient [24]. However, protein expressed in the cytoplasm of the DC that is processed by the immunoproteasome into peptides and loaded onto the DC’s class I MHC is very effective at generating CD8+ T-cell responses. For this reason, it is highly desirable to engineer DCs to express cancer-specific proteins in order to generate tumor-targeting CD8+ T-cells [25].

Because DCs are terminally differentiated and are not actively dividing, lentiviral transduction of DCs has been explored for ex vivo manipulation in order to achieve cytoplasmic protein expression in DC-based cellular therapy [26,27]. The direct injection of lentivirus in vivo has also resulted in potent antitumor immunity in murine models [28,29].

The strategy of direct vaccine injection into patients is particularly well suited to lentiviral transduction of DCs because the skin and corresponding draining lymph nodes contain a large number of DCs of various specialized subsets and intradermal or subcutaneous injection is relatively easy to perform in the clinic [30]. Indeed, the cutaneous delivery of lentiviral vector (LV) induces potent CD8+ immunity [31]. The tropism of any lentivirus is mandated by its envelope. While third-generation lentivirus vectors with broad tropism (as their envelope derives from vesicular stomatits virus [VSV]) have typically been used in preclinical or clinical studies, they carry risks related to off-target activity and integrational mutagenesis. Ideally, a LV for in vivo use should be targeted to DCs and have no risk of genotoxicity.

LV305: a DC targeting NY-ESO-1 vaccine from the ZVex platform

DC-SIGN (CD209) is a cell surface C-type lectin-like protein highly specific for immature DCs that acts as a scavenger receptor enabling lentiviral infection [32]. The alpha virus Sindbis also infects DC by using DC-SIGN as an attachment receptor, but has a broader tropism due to its affinity for ubiquitously expressed heparan sulfate [33]. Through selective mutation of the heparin binding region, a Sindbis envelope was genetically engineered that selectively binds to DC-SIGN [33,34]. ‘ZVex’ is a novel vector platform for DC-targeted vaccines that is built on a third-generation LV and includes a DC-SIGN tropic Sindbis Virus envelope (Figure 1(a)). Like other third-generation LVs generally regarded as safe for use in gene therapy, ZVex is devoid of all HIV 1-derived accessory proteins, except for Rev, and is encoded by a split genome with a deletion in the U3 region (ΔU3, for self-inactivation of the 3ʹLTR). The ΔU3 deletion is a self-inactivating mutation that: (1) prevents transcription of the full-length vector genome (vg) from reversed transcribed dsDNA vectors in the infected target cell, and (2) minimizes the risk of insertional activation that can occur when a 3ʹLTR can function as a promoter after integration. In addition, ZVex contains the Vpx protein (viral protein X from simian immune deficiency virus [SIV]) that is packaged into the vector particles and overcomes the HIV-restriction factor SAMHD1 in DC, which depletes the nucleotide triphosphate pool, thereby preventing reverse transcription of the vg. Further important safety features of ZVex are a genetically modified capsid gene to reduce the risk of recombination, and a genetically inactivated integrase enzyme (D64V mutation), which significantly reduces the risk of integration (Figure 1(b)) [35].

Figure 1.

LV305 mechanism of action. (a) LV305 (green octagon) enters dendritic cells (DC) via specific interaction with DC-SIGN/CD209 (triangle) on the DC surface as a result of the modified Sindbis virus envelope. (b) LV305 is replication incompetent and has only a low level of integration because of the D64V integrase mutation and deletion of the 3ʹ-poly purine tract. (c) NY-ESO-1 is expressed by the DC and processed in the immune-proteasome. Peptides are presented by class I and cross-presented by class II MHC molecules. (d) CD4+ and CD8+ T cells recognizing NY-ESO-1 peptides presented in the context of class I and class II MHC proliferate and produce cytokines. In murine models, these T cells are effective at killing tumors. Full color available online.

Due to its large cloning capacity of approximately 8 kb, ZVex is able to encode full-length proteins and has been preclinically explored with both self-antigens and heterologous antigens, such as the cancer-testis antigen (CTA) NY-ESO-1. In mice, this vector was very effective at inducing DC expression and antigen presentation of NY-ESO-1 (Figure 1(c)). This resulted in a robust NY-ESO-1-specific T-cell response as evidenced by cellular proliferation and polyfunctional cytokine production of CD8 T-cells (Figure 1(d)). Mice vaccinated with this vector were protected in a dose-dependent fashion from metastatic lung cancer in a challenge model using CT26 cells expressing NY-ESO-1, showing clearly that the degree of protection was correlated with the level of the T-cell response [36].

CMB305: a ‘ prime/boost ’ regimen with LV305 at its core

Multiple investigators have demonstrated superior T-cell and antibody responses using prime-boost vaccination strategies where different vaccine modalities are used alternatively to target the same antigen, called ‘heterologous prime-boost’ [37]. This was dramatically demonstrated by the improved protection of nonhuman primates from simian immunodeficiency virus when a vaccinia-based vaccine was followed by a gp160 protein-based vaccine [38]. This concept has been illustrated in a variety of infectious models as well as a various murine tumor models where viral vectors, including LVs, were used to prime the immune system followed by protein boost [39-43]. While the reasons for the efficacy of heterologous prime-boost are still a matter of debate and are at least in part linked to inducing immune response against the vector in addition to the antigen, the order of the different vaccines used also appears to be important. Multiple models have demonstrated that a viral vector encoding a target antigen generally functions very effectively as the priming agent and an adjuvanted peptide/protein component functions more effectively as the boost [44-46].

In order to capture the potential of boosting an LV305 primed response, the CMB305 regimen was developed using LV305 as the priming agent given for four doses, starting day 1 then days 21, 49, and 77 (Figure 2). The boosting regimen is called ‘G305’ and starts on day 35 every 4 weeks for three doses and then every 8 weeks for up to 1 year. The G305 regimen includes full-length NY-ESO-1 protein and a toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4) agonist as an adjuvant.

Figure 2.

CMB305 schedule. LV305 (blue arrows) is used as the priming agent given for 4 doses, starting day 1 then days 21, 49 and 77. The boosting regimen is called ‘G305’ (red arrows) and starts on day 35 every 4 weeks for three doses and then every 8 weeks for up to 1 year. The G305 regimen includes whole recombinantly expressed NY-ESO-1 protein and the synthetic toll like receptor 4 (TLR4) agonist GLA (Glucopyranosyl lipid A) formulate in a stable oil-in-water emulsion (GLA-SE). Full color available online.

This particular TLR4 agonist, glycopyranosyl lipid A, given in a stable oil-in-water emulsion formulation (GLA-SE), is a synthetic agonist. Monophosphoryl lipid A (MPL), a detoxified bacterial lipopoplysaccharide (LPS), is a natural product and has become the first commercial TLR4 agonist used as an efficacious vaccine adjuvant as part of GlaxoSmithKline’s established vaccines for hepatitis B and cervical cancer [47,48]. However, GLA-SE, in addition to being synthetic, is more potent in activating DCs in vitro and induces Th1 CD4+ cell responses in vivo at lower doses than MPL [49]. GLA-SE was also shown to be more potent than the TLR3 agonist poly (I:C) in a human skin explant model with respect to DC activation [50].

NY-ESO-1 as a target for cancer vaccines

NY-ESO-1, a prominent member of the family of CTA, is a 180 amino acids long protein with glycine-rich N-terminal region and hydrophobic C terminal region [51]. It is not membrane-associated and its function is still unknown. As their name implies, CTAs are expressed on a protein level in various malignant tumors but not in normal adult tissues a part from the testis and the trophoblast. This particular CTA was first discovered through serological analysis in esophageal cancer patients and was subsequently found to induce antibody and T-cell responses in vaccine trials [52,53]. Notably, high expression of CTAs has been linked to worse prognosis in some tumor types [54,55].

NY-ESO-1 is considered to be among the most attractive targets for immunotherapy because of its inherent immunogenicity and has been targeted in a number of clinical studies including several vaccine trials that have induced antibody, CD4+, and CD8+ T-cell responses. Delayed type hypersensitivity responses following NY-ESO-1 protein vaccine administration with the adjuvant ISCOMATRIX® have been associated with long-term survival [56,57]. Objective clinical responses have been observed in melanoma patients following vaccination using a heterologous recombinant vaccinia/fowlpox vaccination against NY-ESO-1, including one complete response [58]. NY-ESO-1 can be upregulated in many malignancies (including certain sarcomas) [59] using the hypomethylating agent decitabine and that was seen to potentially improve response to NY-ESO-1 vaccination in ovarian cancer [60].

NY-ESO-1 as a target in SS and MRCL

While many cancers express NY-ESO-1 in a minority of cases and usually with heterogenous patterns, SS and MRCL are unique with respect to the consistency and homogeneity of target expression [61]. In an analysis by Jungbluth et al., 20 of 25 SS tumors expressed NY-ESO-1 by immunohistochemistry (IHC). Four of the five tumors not expressing NY-ESO-1 had the biphasic SS subtype, suggesting near universal NY-ESO-1 expression in the more common monophasic SS subtype. A total of 8 of the 20 NY-ESO-1 expressing tumors had homogenous expression defined as staining in >50% of tumor cells [20], and this high frequency of homogeneous expression has been confirmed in a subsequent study [62]. Our group published similar findings regarding MRCL tumors where 25 of 25 consecutive cases tested expressed NY-ESO-1 (100%), and in 18 of the cases (72%) staining was homogenous with target expression in over 50% cancer cells [19].

In order to capitalize on these high levels of antigen expression, multiple investigators have attempted adoptive T-cell therapy using T-cell receptors (TCRs) targeting the 157–165 CD8 T-cell epitope of NY-ESO-1, which is presented by human leukocyte antigen (HLA)-A*02:01 (seen in 30–40% of the Caucasian population) [63]. Objective responses have been seen in a majority of patients following cellular therapy targeting NY-ESO-1, demonstrating that NY-ESO-1 is an excellent target for these tumor types [63,64]. However, more work is required to optimize adoptive Tcell therapy for these patients as almost all patients ultimately progress and the therapy requires that an intensive regimen was used including pre-infusion of high-dose cyclophosphamide and fludarabine along with high-dose IL-2 post-infusion. Vaccination offers an entirely different approach to targeting NY-ESO-1, also with the potential for profound and long-lasting clinical activity, and without the toxicity of the conditioning regimen and without HLA restriction.

Prior vaccine studies in sarcoma

A number of investigators have looked at vaccination in sarcoma with some signals of immunologic and clinical response. A trivalent peptide vaccine against ganglioside antigens was tested in a placebo-controlled, multicenter trial including 136 patients with no evidence of disease following metastasectomy did not result in a significant improvement in PFS, but serological responses developed following vaccination, suggesting a potential benefit might be identified in the right context [65]. A pilot study using peptides spanning the SYT-SSX fusion in SS patients resulted in one transient tumor response and more than a third of patients developed a T-cell response based on staining using MHC-peptide tetramers [66].

Several trials have attempted vaccination using DCs loaded with tumor lysate and a number of them have led to delayed type hypersensitivity reaction to autologous tumor antigens [67,68]. A study using a DC vaccine following consolidative high-dose chemotherapy appeared to improve outcomes relative to historical controls [69]. Another such trial for Ewings sarcoma used DCs pulsed with either tumor lysate or peptide and yielded a durable complete response (CR) in one patient [70]. Another led to regression of several sizable pulmonary metastasis in a fibrosarcoma patient [71]. While all of these trials had their individual strengths and weaknesses, prior to LV305 and CMB305 no vaccine approach has been performed to target a frequently and homogenously expressed, highly immunogenic protein such as NY-ESO-1 in sarcoma.

Clinical outcomes of LV305 and CMB305

LV305 was tested in a Phase I, first in human trial, the first trial ever testing this class of next-generation vaccines (Table 1) [72]. The initial cohort enrolled four cohorts (three patients each) receiving three or four intradermal injections every 3 weeks using 108, 109, or 1010 vgs per dose in a 3 + 3 design typically used in oncological trials. After this safety lead-in, an expansion cohort treated patients with multiple NY-ESO-1+ malignancies (24 sarcoma patients, 5 melanoma, 9 ovarian, and 1 non-small cell lung cancer patients) with 4 doses at the 1010 vg dose level. No serious adverse events or doselimiting toxicities were observed. Although only one partial response (PR; 80% regression) was observed in the trial, 54% of sarcoma patients had stable disease (SD). PFS was 140 days for sarcoma patients and 7/11 (63.6%) patients who were progressing when they started on the trial developed SD or PR. Over 80% of patients treated on the study were alive 1 year after vaccination, including those sarcoma patients who were progressing at the time of study entry and are known to have a very poor prognosis. For comparison, others have seen survival for SS patients in the metastatic setting of less than 12 months following their second line of chemotherapeutic treatment [73]. As of the 2017 American Society of Clinical Oncology (ASCO) meeting, the median OS for the study had still not been reached [74].

Table 1.

Trials including the LV305 vaccine.

Trial	ClinicalTrials.gov identifier	Phase	Agent	Treatment	No. of patients (sarcoma)
A Phase 1, open-label clinical trial evaluating the safety, tolerability, and immunogenicity of intradermally administered ID-LV305 in patients with locally advanced, relapsed, or metastatic cancer expressing NY-ESO-1	NCT02122861	Phase I	LV305	Lentivirus alone	39 (24)
A Phase 1b study evaluating the safety, tolerability, and immunogenicity of CMB305 (sequentially administered LV305 and G305) in patients with locally advanced, relapsed, or metastatic cancer expressing NY-ESO-1	NCT02387125	Phase I/Ib	CMB305	Lentiviral vaccine alternating with TLR4 + NY-ESO-1 protein ‘G305’	49 (25)
A randomized, open-label, Phase 2 trial of CMB305 (sequentially administered LV305 and G305) and atezolizumab in patients with locally advanced, relapsed, or metastatic sarcoma expressing NY-ESO-1	NCT02609984	Randomized Phase II	CMB305 + Atezolizumab	PD-L1 inhibitor ± CMB305	88 patients (all sarcoma, 45 randomized to vaccine)

The first patient treated on the trial had a remarkable and durable response despite aggressive and refractory disease [75]. Like other patients, she had no serious adverse events but did have low grade toxicities including pain and stinging at the injection site, mild fatigue the day after injections, an episode of subjective palpitations, subjective fevers and myalgias in the days following vaccination, each of which resolved within 24 h. She had initial disease stabilization until 5 months post-LV305 initiation, when it shrunk to 24.7% below baseline. By month 24 post-LV305, tumor mass had shrunk to 84.8% below baseline. The response is continuing over 3 years following her vaccination. The patient had a baseline detectable T-cell recognition (CD4 and CD8) of NY-ESO-1 prior to her vaccination and this increased markedly following the treatment.

A follow-up Phase I trial, presented at the 2017 ASCO meeting, analyzed the safety of the CMB305 ‘prime-boost’ regimen [74]. This trial treated 49 patients including 25 with sarcoma (14 SS, 9 MRCL, and 2 other sarcomas). The patient population had, for the most part, advanced refractory disease with 56% progressing at the time of study progression. A total of 92% of patients were treated in the metastatic setting and with 52% of them having two or more prior lines of chemotherapy. Three patients had grade 3 toxicities attributed to the therapy (fatigue, prostatic pain, and pneumonitis). Of note, over 80% of patients had homogenous expression of NYESO-1 by IHC. The median PFS for the study was 4.7 months, comparable to PFS values seen in registration trials for FDAapproved drugs in STS [5-7]. More impressive was the OS data, with 76% of patients surviving 18 months after starting treatment. OS for sarcoma patients receiving FDA-approved second-line therapies such as pazopanib, eribulin, and trabectedin has ranged from 12.4 to 13.5 months [5-7].

Although PD-L1 expression is low in SS and MRCL tumors and they have few inflammatory features, including few T-cells infiltrating into the tumor, this may be malleable with effective vaccination [76]. The patient who had a dramatic response to LV305 had a large peripheral increase in T-cell clones that were detectable in a pretreatment biopsy and the percentage of NYESO-1-specific cells expressing PD-1 also increased following vaccination [75]. In order to block the inhibitory impact of PDL1 interactions with PD-1 on NY-ESO-1-specific T-cells, a randomized Phase II trial of atezolizumab and CMB305 was initiated. Interim results were presented at the 2017 European Society of Medical Oncology (ESMO) meeting. A total of 88 patients were randomized to receive either atezolizumab alone or in combination with CMB305. The regimen was well tolerated and, at the time of interim analysis, efficacy data were available for 36 patients who had at least 6 months of PFS data. For these patients, PFS was 2.6 months for the combination and 1.4 months for atezolizumab alone. The disease control rate (SD or better) was 61% for the combination and 27.8% in the control arm. Significantly higher numbers of patients developed T-cell, antibody, and epitope spreading responses following treatment with the combination versus atezolizumab alone.

Immunologic outcomes and biomarkers for response

Because the PFS values were similar for patients on the LV305 and CMB305 studies and because of the long observation period required to determine median OS, it has been difficult to compare the clinical outcomes. However, based on immunologic responses, there is clear evidence that the boost increases anti-NY-ESO-1 immunity and that patients with induced immune responses have longer OS. An analysis of biomarkers for LV305 and CMB305 and their association with clinical outcomes was presented at the 2017 ASCO Annual Meeting [77]. The analysis included 64-pooled patients who were analyzed regardless of their tumor type. As these were Phase I trials, all patients had recurrent, NY-ESO-1+ disease which in most cases was active and refractory. LV305 and CMB305 induced anti-NY-ESO-1 T-cells in 52% and 68% pts, respectively. Anti-NY-ESO-1 antibodies developed in 3% and 70% pts, respectively. As expected, because of the marked activity of GLA-SE on TH1 cells, NY-ESO-1-specific CD4+ T-cell responses increased more in the patients treated with CMB305. Based on both antibody and ELIspot analysis, LV305 and CMB305 induced immune responses against other tumorassociated antigens (so-called ‘antigen spreading’) in 17% and 36% patients, respectively.

Following administration of CMB305 patients had a higher clonality in the Vβ TCR repertoire, as measured by deep sequencing of peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC). Interestingly, both preexisting and induced NY-ESO-1-specific immune responses (either NY-ESO-1 antibodies or T-cells by ELIspot) were associated with longer OS and PFS. The patients who had the best OS and PFS were those patients who had a preexisting NY-ESO-1-specific response at base line that was further increased following vaccination (>fourfold increase of antibody responses; >twofold increase of T-cell responses).

Conclusion

SS and MRCL are devastating rare cancers that affect young adults and have relatively few treatment options. CMB305 is a vaccine regimen that includes the lentiviral DC-targeted NY-ESO-1 vaccine for priming and a boost using a TLR4 agonist and a NY-ESO-1 protein vaccine. CMB305 has a proven ability to induce potent Tcell responses in SS and MRCL patients. Early data suggest a benefit in clinical outcomes but further validation is needed.

Expert commentary

STS are a heterogeneous group of mesenchymal neoplasms with a median OS in the range of 18 months in the metastatic setting and poor options for systemic therapy [1]. While recent work suggests that certain STS subtypes may have a highly inflammatory tumor microenvironment, the translocation-associated sarcomas SS and MRCL appear to be ‘cold’ with few infiltrating Tcells and little PD-L1 expression. While checkpoint inhibitors may quickly become important options for the highly mutated sarcomas, tumors such as SS and MRCL may need additional interventions to increase the size of the tumor-specific T-cell response. Because these tumors have strong expression of the highly immunogenic protein NY-ESO-1, they may be ideal targets for a strategy including therapeutic vaccination.

LV305 is the first DC-targeted LV for in vivo immunization to be studied in the clinic, notably in SS and MRCL. These STS subtypes are complex diseases with immunosuppressive, noninflammatory tumor immune microenvironments. In this context, it is important to note that LV305/CMB305 show signals of clinical activity in multiple independent single-arm Phase 1 trials in these tumor types as well as the randomized C232 study with survival rates comparing favorably to the standard of care chemotherapy. The vector is safe, without evidence of viral persistence and is well tolerated. It induces a potent NYESO-1-specific CD4 and CD8 T-cell response. CMB305 further boosts this response using a TLR4 agonist resulting in robust CD4+ T-cell response and antibody generation. Combination therapies, such as PD-1 or PD-L1-targeted agents, may further improve its activity. Thus, the LV305 and the CMB305 regimens have clear potential to impact the treatment of SS and MRCL and possibly also other STS and other malignancies expressing NY-ESO-1. We expect additional trials in the coming years with the goal of definitively testing the clinical activity of this novel vaccine regimen. If successful, such trials could put this vaccine on a path toward regulatory approval.

Five-year view

We expect that several immunotherapies will become integrated into the standard of care for advanced STS during the next 5 years. During that time, we speculate that a Phase III trial of CMB305 will be completed and that CMB305 ultimately will become integrated into an effective regimen for SS and MRCL, perhaps in combination with a checkpoint inhibitor. As CMB305 finds its place among standard treatment options for sarcoma, it will also be tested in the context of the many other cancers that can express NY-ESO-1. We also expect that the ZVex vector backbone will be tested using other targets.