Phloem function and development-biophysics meets genetics.

Evolution of the vascular tissues allowed plants to efficiently settle land, occupy new ecological niches, and thereby crucially shape earth's biosphere. Of the two conducting cell types in the plant vasculature, the tubular network of phloem sieve elements transports phloem sap from source to sink organs. Recent years have witnessed the identification of ever more regulators of sieve element differentiation, as well as a more detailed understanding of phloem physiology and function. From molecular regulators of the commitment to sieve element fate, to enzymatic executors of the differentiation process, the toolbox to investigate sieve element formation has been greatly enlarged. To connect the various players in different genetic layers, and thus to ultimately attain a comprehensive description and understanding of sieve element development at the molecular level, appears to be within reach.