The use of a mixed rubber landscape by tufted-ear marmosets.

With the loss and fragmentation of tropical forests, the survival of primates depends on their ability to adapt to human-introduced modifications in their habitat. Marmosets are known for their ecological and behavioral plasticity and have been registered in various agricultural landscapes. Our goal was to describe the ecology of tufted-ear marmosets (Callithrix sp.) in a rubber/forest landscape, monitoring their use of habitat and diet. We followed two groups using radio telemetry and visual observations for nine months at the Michelin plantation Ltd. in Bahia, Brazil. Both groups used mainly pioneer forest and rubber with pioneer vegetation more than expected according to availability, even though they explored all types of vegetation. Rubber monocultures act as corridors for marmoset locomotion among more suitable habitats. Feeding, gummivory and socialization were mainly performed in the pioneer forest (with or without rubber), in which most sleeping sites and food sources were found. Groups of marmosets can incorporate agroforest matrixes to their area of use and activity patterns. Maintenance of marmosets in fragmented landscapes might be favored by their diet flexibility, with the use of resources such as gum and fruit, including exotic plants. Although known for their ecological flexibility, marmosets do require certain resources to be present in native habitat to adapt to agricultural landscapes. Patches of forest within a rubber landscape and pioneer vegetation in the rubber inter-rows should be considered to maintain populations of Callithrix in rubber landscapes.