Nicholas I Kennedy1, Max P Michalski1, Lars Engebretsen2, Robert F LaPrade1. 1. Department of BioMedical Engineering, Steadman Philippon Research Institute, 181 West Meadow Drive, Suite 1000, Vail, CO 81657. E-mail address for R.F. LaPrade: drlaprade@sprivail.org. 2. Oslo Sports Trauma Research Center, Oslo University Hospital, University of Oslo, 0407, Norway.