Literature DB >> 29250368

4-Amino-benzoic acid 4-methyl-pyridine/4-methyl-pyridinium 4-amino-benzoate 0.58/0.42: a redetermination from the original data.

Jan Fábry1.   

Abstract

The title structure, 4-amino-benzoic acid 4-methyl-pyridine/4-methyl-pyridinium 4-amino-benzoate 0.58/0.42, 0.58(C6H7N·C7H7NO2)·0.42(C6H8NC7H6NO2-), has been redetermined from the data published by Kumar et al. (2015 ▸). Acta Cryst. E71, o125-o126. The improvement of the present redetermination consists in the introduction of disorder of the methyl group over two positions as well as in the correction of the positional parameters of the hydrogen atoms that are involved in the O-H⋯N or N-H⋯O hydrogen bonds. After the correction, the hydroxyl hydrogen atom turned out to be disordered over two positions about the centre of the O⋯N bond, which is relatively long [2.642 (2) Å], while the H atoms of the primary amine group account more realistically for the hydrogen-bond pattern after the removal of the positional constraints. All the O-H⋯N or N-H⋯O hydrogen bonds which are present in the title structure are of moderate strength.

Entities:  

Keywords:  crystal structure; hydrogen bonding; redetermination; refinement constraints; symmetric hydrogen bonds

Year:  2017        PMID: 29250368      PMCID: PMC5730305          DOI: 10.1107/S2056989017013226

Source DB:  PubMed          Journal:  Acta Crystallogr E Crystallogr Commun


Chemical context

Crystal structures that contain hydroxyl, secondary and primary amine groups are sometimes determined incorrectly because of an assumed geometry of these groups from which the applied constraints or restraints were inferred. In such cases, the correct geometry is missed as it is not verified by inspection of the difference electron-density maps. Thus a considerable number of structures could have been determined more correctly – cf. Figs. 1 ▸ and 2 ▸ in Fábry et al. (2014 ▸). The inclusion of such structures causes bias in crystallographic databases such as the Cambridge Crystallographic Database (CSD; Groom et al., 2016 ▸).
Figure 1

View of the constituent mol­ecules of the title structure (top: the original determination (Kumar et al., 2015 ▸); bottom: present redetermination). Displacement ellipsoids are depicted at the 50% probability level.

Figure 2

A section of the difference electron-density map for the redetermined title structure without the atoms H1x and H1y. A build-up of the electron density between the atom O1 (red) and N2iii (blue) [symmetry codes: (iii) x + 1, y, z + 1] is shown; the larger and the smaller peaks correspond to the electron density of 0.12 and 0.11 e A−3, respectively. These peaks were assigned to the respective positions of H1x and H1y iii. The positive and negative electron densities are indicated by continuous and dashed lines, respectively. The increment of the electron density between neighbouring contours is 0.01 e Å−3. Atom C7 is indicated by a gray circle.

In the course of recalculation of suspect structures that were retrieved from the CSD, the structure determination of the title structure by Kumar et al. (2015 ▸), CSD refcode WOYPEH, became a candidate for a checking recalculation. The reason was that the primary amine group centered on N1 was constrained to be coplanar to the attached phenyl group with distances N1—H1a and N1—H1b constrained to be equal to 0.86 Å with U iso(Hprimary/secondary amine) = 1.2U eq(Nprimary/secondary amine). The hydroxyl hydrogen atom H1 was also suspect because the O—H bond length was reported to be restrained to the value 0.82 Å [the estimated standard deviation/elasticity (Müller et al., 2006 ▸) was not given in the original article]. However, the distance reported by Kumar et al. (2015 ▸) is 0.836 (10) Å, which indicated that the bridging hydrogen atom might have been situated towards the centre of the pertinent O1⋯N2 hydrogen bond. Recalculation with JANA2006 (Petříček et al., 2014 ▸) revealed hydrogen atom H1 to be disordered over two positions about the centre of the O1⋯N1 hydrogen bond in almost equal proportions, 0.58(7) (H1x) and 0.42(7) (H1y) (Figs. 1 ▸ and 2 ▸). This is different from the situation reported in the original article (Kumar et al., 2015 ▸). Moreover, inspection of the difference electron-density maps has also revealed quite a smeared electron density pertinent to the methyl hydrogen atoms (Fig. 3 ▸).
Figure 3

A section of the difference electron-density map for the redetermined title structure without the methyl H atoms. The positions of both methyl-hydrogen triplets are indicated by yellow circles of a different hue. The positive and negative electron densities are indicated by continuous and dashed lines, respectively. The increment of electron density between the neighbouring contours is 0.01 e Å−3.

Structural commentary

Table 1 ▸ lists the hydrogen bonds in the structure which are shown in Fig. 4 ▸. All the hydrogen bonds are of moderate strength (Gilli & Gilli, 2009 ▸). However, the hydrogen bond O1—H1x⋯N2iii/O1⋯H1y iii—N2iii [2.642 (2) Å; symmetry code: (iii) x + 1, y, z + 1] is quite long for an O⋯N hydrogen bond with a disordered bridging hydrogen atom, i.e. for a hydrogen atom the substantial part of its electron density is situated along the connecting line between the donor/acceptor atoms as happens in O1—H1x⋯N2iii/O1⋯H1y iii—N2iii of the title structure (Fig. 2 ▸). This O1⋯N2iii hydrogen bond is even longer than the O3⋯N1 hydrogen bond with a disordered bridging hydrogen atom that was observed in a recently determined structure 2,4,6-tri­amino­pyrimidinium(1+) hydrogen trioxo­fluoro­phosphate(1−) monohydrate/2,4,6-tri­amino­pyrimidinium(2+)(1– trioxo­fluoro­phosphate(2−)(1– monohydrate, where x = 0.73, at room temperature (Matulková et al., 2017 ▸). The latter O⋯N hydrogen bond measured to be 2.5822 (16) Å and is ranked among the longest known O⋯N hydrogen bonds with a disordered bridging hydrogen atom.
Table 1

Hydrogen bonds (Å, °) in the redetermined structure as well as in the determintion by Kumar et al. (2015 ▸). Some of the atoms in the original article were transformed

Bond D—HH⋯A DA D—H⋯A
This determination:    
N1—H1a⋯O2i 0.88 (2)2.22 (3)3.051 (3)158 (3)
N1—H1b⋯O2ii 0.99 (3)2.04 (3)3.028 (3)179 (2)
O1—H1x⋯N2iii 1.0154 (14)1.6303 (18)2.642 (2)173.65 (11)
N2—H1y⋯O1i 1.0719 (18)1.5740 (14)2.642 (2)173.55 (12)
     
Determination by    
Kumar et al. (2015):    
N1—H1a⋯O2i 0.862.323.049 (3)142
N1—H1b⋯O2ii 0.862.173.031 (3)174
O1—H1⋯N2ii 0.84 (1)1.81 (1)2.644 (3)177 (4)

Symmetry codes: (i) x − 1, y, z − 1; (ii) x − 1, −y, z − ; (iii) x + 1, y, z + 1.

Figure 4

A section of the title structure. Symmetry codes (i): −x + 1, y, z − 1; (ii): −x + 1, −y, z − ; (iii): x + 1, y, z + 1; (iv): −x + 2, −y, z −  (v): x − 2, y, z − 1. Applied colours for the atoms: grey – C and H, blue – N, O – red; applied colours for the bonds: black – covalent bonds, dashed orange – hydrogen bonds.

On the other hand, the tendency for a hydrogen atom to be situated just between the donor and acceptor atoms has been observed for strong hydrogen bonds, especially of the type O⋯H⋯O (Gilli & Gilli, 2009 ▸). Such bonds tend to occur in the structures where the difference ΔpK a = pK a(base) − pK a(acid) is close to 0 (Gilli et al., 2009 ▸). The difference ΔpK a is correlated with the occurrence of structures where the base and acid components are not ionized, thus forming a co-crystal (ΔpK a < 0), or ionized, forming a salt (ΔpK a > 3; Childs et al., 2007 ▸). It is difficult to predict the form in which the acid and the base are present for 0 < ΔpKa < 3. In the case of the title structure, pK a of 4-methyl­pyridine and of 4-amino­benzoic acid are equal to 5.99 (CRC Handbook of Chemistry and Physics, 2009 ▸) and 2.38 (Kortüm et al., 1961 ▸), respectively. Thus ΔpK a = 3.61 for the title structure, which means that the salt form should be slightly more probable for the present structure. The primary amine group centered on N1 was originally constrained to be coplanar with the attached phenyl ring while the N1—H1a and N1—H1b distances were both constrained to 0.86 Å. The difference electron-density map in the plane of the methyl hydrogen atoms that were excluded from the structure for the sake of this checking calculation (Fig. 4 ▸) shows that the methyl group can be better modelled by a disorder over two positions with equal occupancies. The disordered positions of the methyl group are related by a rotation of 60.19 (5)° about the C10C13 bond. Table 1 ▸, which also compares the values of the hydrogen-bond pattern in the title and the original structures (Kumar et al., 2015 ▸), emphasizes the importance of a careful examination of the difference electron-density maps during structure determinations. It serves as an example of the bias that is caused by unsubstanti­ated constraints of the primary amine groups as well as by constraints or restraints imposed on the hydroxyl groups.

Supra­molecular features

The strongest hydrogen bond O1—H1x⋯N2iii/O1⋯H1y iii—N2iii; symmetry code: (iii) x + 1, y, z + 1] with a bridging hydrogen atom disordered over two positions (H1x and H1y iii) forms a finite D(3) pattern (Etter et al., 1990 ▸) on a local scale (Figs. 1 ▸ and 4 ▸). The primary amine group, which is centered on atom N2, is involved in the hydrogen-bond pattern with a pair of symmetry-equivalent O2 atoms. It forms an (20) graph-set motif, shown in Fig. 4 ▸, in which two 4-amino­benzoic acid/amino­benzoate mol­ecules with the symmetry codes (i) and (ii) are involved [symmetry codes: (i) −x + 1, y, z − 1; (ii) −x + 1, −y, z − ] as well as the atoms of the primary amine groups H1a--N1–H1b and atom O2iv [symmetry code: (iv) −x + 2, −y, z − ].

Database survey

The structure determination by Kumar et al. (2015 ▸) is included in the Cambridge Structural Database (Groom et al., 2016 ▸) under refcode WOYPEH.

Synthesis and crystallization

The preparation of the title crystals was described by Kumar et al. (2015 ▸).

Refinement

Table 2 ▸ lists the details regarding the crystal data, data collection and the refinement [some pieces of information were taken from the downloaded CIF of the original article by Kumar et al. (2015 ▸)]. The refinement was carried out on the data for which the 826 Friedel pairs were not merged. Since the structure is composed of light atoms only and the applied radiation was Mo Kα the absolute structure could not be determined.
Table 2

Experimental details

Crystal data
Chemical formula0.58(C6H7N·C7H7NO2)·0.42(C6H8N+·C7H6NO2 )
M r 230.3
Crystal system, space groupMonoclinic, P c
Temperature (K)295
a, b, c (Å)7.5970 (7), 11.6665 (12), 7.6754 (8)
β (°)114.200 (3)
V3)620.49 (11)
Z 2
Radiation typeMo Kα
μ (mm−1)0.09
Crystal size (mm)0.28 × 0.24 × 0.20
 
Data collection
DiffractometerBruker Kappa APEXII CCD
Absorption correctionMulti-scan (SADABS; Krause et al., 2015)
T min, T max 0.977, 0.983
No. of measured, independent and observed [I > 3σ(I)] reflections10064, 2144, 1330
R int 0.030
(sin θ/λ)max−1)0.632
 
Refinement
R[F > 3σ(F)], wR(F), S 0.031, 0.067, 1.29
No. of reflections2144
No. of parameters162
H-atom treatmentH atoms treated by a mixture of independent and constrained refinement
Δρmax, Δρmin (e Å−3)0.08, −0.08
Absolute structure826 of Friedel pairs used in the refinement

Computer programs: APEX2 and SAINT (Bruker, 2000 ▸), SHELXS97 (Sheldrick, 2008 ▸), JANA2006 (Petříček et al., 2014 ▸), PLATON (Spek, 2009 ▸) and DIAMOND (Brandenburg & Putz, 2005 ▸).

All hydrogen atoms were discernible in the difference electron-density map. The aryl hydrogens were constrained by the constraints Car­yl—Har­yl = 0.93 Å and U iso(Har­yl) = 1.2U eq(Car­yl). The positional parameters of the primary amine hydrogen atoms H1a and H1b were refined freely while their displacement parameters were constrained by U iso(HN1) = 1.2U eq(N1). The positional parameters of the bridging hydrogen atoms, H1x and H1y, were determined from difference electron-density maps (Fig. 2 ▸) and fixed in the subsequent refinement. Their isotropic displacement parameters were set equal and their occupational parameters were refined under the condition that the sum of their occupancies was equal to 1. The electron density in the plane of the methyl hydrogen atoms, which was centered on atom C13, was found to be quite smeared (Fig. 3 ▸). It was modelled by a disorder over two positions with equal occupancies. The rotation between both triplets of the methyl hydrogen atoms is 60.19 (5)°. In order to account for this model, dummy atoms C10a and C13a, both with occupancies equal to 0, were introduced into the structure; their atomic parameters were otherwise constrained to be equal to those of atoms C10 and C13, respectively. The methyl hydrogen atoms were constrained by distance constraints Cmeth­yl—Hmeth­yl = 0.96 Å with U iso(Hmeth­yl) = 1.5U eq(Cmeth­yl). It is worthwhile mentioning that the recalculation of the original model with JANA2006 (Petříček et al., 2014 ▸) in order to reproduce the original constraints and restraints converged with difficulty {Δ[last step of the parameter(i)]/σ(i) < 0.6}. The indicators of the refinement of such a model were substanti­ally higher: R obs = 0.0503, Rw obs = 0.1035, R all = 0.0930, Rw all = 0.1119. The condition for the observed diffractions was I/σ(I) > 3, cf. Table 2 ▸ for indicators of the refinement for the redetermined structure. Crystal structure: contains datablock(s) global, I. DOI: 10.1107/S2056989017013226/su5390sup1.cif Structure factors: contains datablock(s) I. DOI: 10.1107/S2056989017013226/su5390Isup2.hkl Click here for additional data file. Supporting information file. DOI: 10.1107/S2056989017013226/su5390Isup3.cml CCDC reference: 1574686 Additional supporting information: crystallographic information; 3D view; checkCIF report
0.58(C6H7N·C7H7NO2)·0.42(C6H8N+·C7H6NO2)F(000) = 244
Mr = 230.3Dx = 1.233 Mg m3
Monoclinic, PcMo Kα radiation, λ = 0.71073 Å
Hall symbol: P -2ycCell parameters from 2749 reflections
a = 7.5970 (7) Åθ = 3.4–21.8°
b = 11.6665 (12) ŵ = 0.09 mm1
c = 7.6754 (8) ÅT = 295 K
β = 114.200 (3)°Block, colourless
V = 620.49 (11) Å30.28 × 0.24 × 0.20 mm
Z = 2
Bruker Kappa APEXII CCD diffractometer2144 independent reflections
Radiation source: fine-focus sealed tube1330 reflections with I > 3σ(I)
Graphite monochromatorRint = 0.030
ω and φ scanθmax = 26.7°, θmin = 3.4°
Absorption correction: multi-scan (SADABS; Krause et al., 2015)h = −9→8
Tmin = 0.977, Tmax = 0.983k = −14→14
10064 measured reflectionsl = −9→9
Refinement on F23 constraints
R[F > 3σ(F)] = 0.031H atoms treated by a mixture of independent and constrained refinement
wR(F) = 0.067Weighting scheme based on measured s.u.'s w = 1/(σ2(I) + 0.0004I2)
S = 1.29(Δ/σ)max = 0.035
2144 reflectionsΔρmax = 0.08 e Å3
162 parametersΔρmin = −0.08 e Å3
0 restraintsAbsolute structure: 826 of Friedel pairs used in the refinement
xyzUiso*/UeqOcc. (<1)
C10.3688 (3)0.10370 (17)0.7142 (3)0.0567 (10)
C20.4435 (3)0.20303 (17)0.6720 (3)0.0579 (10)
H20.3670770.2473180.5676180.0694*
C30.6269 (3)0.23627 (16)0.7816 (3)0.0548 (10)
H30.6734560.3035440.7508580.0658*
C40.7464 (3)0.17333 (18)0.9371 (3)0.0495 (8)
C50.6731 (3)0.07378 (17)0.9790 (3)0.0590 (11)
H50.750780.0295521.082920.0708*
C60.4893 (3)0.03939 (18)0.8710 (3)0.0619 (11)
H60.443281−0.0279550.9021260.0743*
C70.9412 (3)0.21074 (18)1.0589 (3)0.0586 (11)
C80.4371 (3)0.45466 (19)0.3179 (3)0.0722 (12)
H80.3570150.515070.3173180.0867*
C90.6296 (3)0.4649 (2)0.4249 (3)0.0692 (12)
H90.6779920.531110.4959430.083*
C100.7528 (3)0.3785 (2)0.4289 (3)0.0634 (11)
C110.6709 (3)0.2837 (2)0.3229 (3)0.0713 (12)
H110.7481120.2221910.3216320.0856*
C120.4763 (4)0.2786 (2)0.2188 (3)0.0758 (13)
H120.4243950.2128770.1476560.0909*
C130.9662 (3)0.3868 (2)0.5459 (4)0.0953 (14)
H13a1.0116160.4602960.5259950.143*0.5
H13b1.0307790.327490.5079070.143*0.5
H13c0.992670.3778340.6786640.143*0.5
N10.1826 (3)0.0714 (2)0.6077 (3)0.0816 (11)
H1b0.139 (4)−0.003 (2)0.635 (4)0.0979*
H1a0.119 (4)0.104 (2)0.496 (4)0.0979*
N20.3581 (3)0.36282 (17)0.2143 (3)0.0708 (9)
O10.9925 (2)0.30981 (13)1.0111 (2)0.0797 (7)
O21.0511 (2)0.15736 (13)1.1982 (2)0.0771 (7)
H1x1.1311030.3355661.0849790.131 (10)*0.58 (6)
H1y0.2111090.336460.1380260.131 (10)*0.42 (6)
H13d1.030670.3994970.4630820.143*0.5
H13e0.9925620.4494330.6340920.143*0.5
H13f1.0118330.3166890.6153920.143*0.5
U11U22U33U12U13U23
C10.0553 (15)0.0586 (14)0.0525 (14)−0.0083 (13)0.0185 (12)−0.0083 (13)
C20.0593 (15)0.0554 (13)0.0484 (14)0.0003 (11)0.0115 (12)0.0089 (11)
C30.0577 (14)0.0525 (12)0.0501 (14)−0.0059 (11)0.0179 (12)0.0043 (11)
C40.0520 (12)0.0483 (11)0.0419 (12)0.0043 (11)0.0128 (10)0.0032 (11)
C50.0675 (16)0.0517 (14)0.0475 (15)0.0003 (12)0.0131 (12)0.0050 (11)
C60.0771 (18)0.0505 (12)0.0573 (15)−0.0072 (12)0.0269 (13)0.0066 (12)
C70.0565 (16)0.0533 (13)0.0587 (15)0.0028 (12)0.0161 (13)−0.0033 (13)
C80.0642 (16)0.0608 (15)0.0795 (18)0.0030 (13)0.0172 (14)0.0014 (14)
C90.0671 (17)0.0606 (15)0.0677 (18)−0.0086 (13)0.0153 (13)−0.0042 (12)
C100.0580 (16)0.0743 (16)0.0565 (15)−0.0046 (14)0.0219 (12)0.0051 (14)
C110.0654 (16)0.0736 (16)0.0778 (19)0.0022 (13)0.0324 (15)−0.0068 (14)
C120.0759 (18)0.0752 (17)0.0718 (19)−0.0131 (15)0.0257 (15)−0.0155 (14)
C130.0599 (16)0.108 (2)0.102 (2)−0.0065 (14)0.0170 (14)0.0027 (19)
N10.0661 (15)0.0866 (17)0.0751 (16)−0.0152 (12)0.0116 (13)0.0095 (13)
N20.0563 (12)0.0707 (13)0.0739 (14)−0.0070 (12)0.0150 (10)−0.0029 (11)
O10.0619 (10)0.0671 (10)0.0852 (12)−0.0117 (8)0.0050 (8)0.0129 (9)
O20.0678 (11)0.0708 (9)0.0650 (11)0.0061 (8)−0.0011 (9)0.0100 (8)
C1—C21.386 (3)C10—C131.500 (3)
C1—C61.395 (3)C11—H110.9299
C1—N11.365 (3)C11—C121.363 (3)
C2—H20.93C12—H120.93
C2—C31.356 (3)C12—N21.322 (3)
C3—H30.93C13—H13a0.96
C3—C41.378 (3)C13—H13b0.9599
C4—C51.382 (3)C13—H13c0.96
C4—C71.456 (3)C13—H13d0.96
C5—H50.93C13—H13e0.96
C5—C61.360 (3)C13—H13f0.96
C6—H60.93N1—H1b0.99 (3)
C7—O11.319 (3)N1—H1a0.88 (2)
C7—O21.223 (2)H1b—H1a1.61 (4)
C8—H80.9301N2—H1xi1.6303 (18)
C8—C91.357 (3)N2—H1y1.0719 (18)
C8—N21.322 (3)O1—H1x1.0154 (14)
C9—H90.93O1—H1yii1.5740 (14)
C9—C101.367 (3)H1x—H1yii0.5766 (1)
C10—C111.362 (3)
C2—C1—C6117.69 (18)C10—C11—H11119.8
C2—C1—N1120.94 (18)C10—C11—C12120.4 (2)
C6—C1—N1121.4 (2)H11—C11—C12119.79
C1—C2—H2119.68C11—C12—H12118.53
C1—C2—C3120.63 (17)C11—C12—N2123.0 (2)
H2—C2—C3119.69H12—C12—N2118.52
C2—C3—H3119.02C10—C13—H13a109.47
C2—C3—C4122.0 (2)C10—C13—H13b109.47
H3—C3—C4119.02C10—C13—H13c109.47
C3—C4—C5117.65 (18)C10—C13—H13d109.47
C3—C4—C7122.1 (2)C10—C13—H13e109.47
C5—C4—C7120.19 (17)C10—C13—H13f109.47
C4—C5—H5119.43H13a—C13—H13b109.48
C4—C5—C6121.16 (18)H13a—C13—H13c109.47
H5—C5—C6119.42H13b—C13—H13c109.47
C1—C6—C5120.9 (2)H13d—C13—H13e109.48
C1—C6—H6119.54H13d—C13—H13f109.47
C5—C6—H6119.54H13e—C13—H13f109.47
C4—C7—O1114.98 (17)C1—N1—H1b118.1 (13)
C4—C7—O2124.0 (2)C1—N1—H1a119.1 (18)
O1—C7—O2121.05 (18)H1b—N1—H1a120 (2)
H8—C8—C9118.46C8—N2—C12116.79 (19)
H8—C8—N2118.46C8—N2—H1xi129.06 (19)
C9—C8—N2123.1 (2)C8—N2—H1y132.5 (2)
C8—C9—H9119.78C12—N2—H1xi114.12 (16)
C8—C9—C10120.4 (2)C12—N2—H1y110.21 (19)
H9—C9—C10119.79C7—O1—H1x117.45 (14)
C9—C10—C11116.3 (2)N2ii—H1x—O1173.65 (11)
C9—C10—C13121.8 (2)N2—H1y—O1i173.55 (12)
C11—C10—C13121.8 (2)
D—H···AD—HH···AD···AD—H···A
N1—H1b···O2iii0.99 (3)2.04 (3)3.028 (3)179 (2)
N1—H1a···O2i0.88 (2)2.22 (3)3.051 (3)158 (3)
O1—H1x···N2ii1.0154 (14)1.6303 (18)2.642 (2)173.65 (11)
N2—H1y···O1i1.0719 (18)1.5740 (14)2.642 (2)173.55 (12)
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6.  Structure validation in chemical crystallography.

Authors:  Anthony L Spek
Journal:  Acta Crystallogr D Biol Crystallogr       Date:  2009-01-20

7.  The Cambridge Structural Database.

Authors:  Colin R Groom; Ian J Bruno; Matthew P Lightfoot; Suzanna C Ward
Journal:  Acta Crystallogr B Struct Sci Cryst Eng Mater       Date:  2016-04-01
  7 in total

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