Juan Ravell1, Isaac Otim2, Hadijah Nabalende2, Ismail D Legason2, Steven J Reynolds3, Martin D Ogwang2, Christopher M Ndugwa4, Vickie Marshall5, Denise Whitby5, James J Goedert6, Eric A Engels6, Kishor Bhatia6, Michael J Lenardo7, Sam M Mbulaiteye8. 1. Molecular Development of the Immune System Section, Laboratory of Immune System Biology and Clinical Genomics Program, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, 20892, USA. 2. EMBLEM Study, St. Mary's Hospital, Lacor, PO Box 180 Gulu, Uganda. 3. Division of Intramural Research, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, 20892, USA. 4. Makerere University Medical School and Mulago Hospital, PO Box 7072 Kampala, Uganda. 5. Viral Oncology AIDS and Cancer Virus Program, Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, Frederick, Maryland, 21701, USA. 6. Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, Maryland, 20892, USA. 7. Molecular Development of the Immune System Section, Laboratory of Immune System Biology and Clinical Genomics Program, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, 20892, USA. Electronic address: lenardo@nih.gov. 8. Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, Maryland, 20892, USA. Electronic address: mbulaits@mail.nih.gov.
Abstract
BACKGROUND: Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) causes endemic Burkitt lymphoma (eBL). EBV control was improved by magnesium (Mg2+) supplementation in XMEN, an X-linked genetic disease associated with Mg2+ deficiency, high circulating EBV levels (viral loads), and EBV-related lymphomas. We, therefore, investigated the relationship between Mg2+ levels and EBV levels and eBL in Uganda. METHODS: Plasma Mg2+ was measured in 45 women with low or high circulating EBV levels, 40 pediatric eBL cases, and 79 healthy children. Mg2+ uptake by T-lymphocytes was evaluated in samples from healthy donors. RESULTS: Plasma Mg2+ deficiency (plasma level <1.8 mg/dl) was more likely in women with high- vs. low-EBV levels (76.0% vs. 35%; odds ratio [OR] 11.3, 95% CI 2.14-60.2), controlling for age, and in eBL cases than controls (42.0% vs. 13.9%; OR 3.61, 95% CI 1.32-9.88), controlling for sex, age group, and malaria status. Mg2+ uptake by T-lymphocytes was related to extracellular Mg2+ concentration. INTERPRETATION: Plasma Mg2+ deficiency is associated with high EBV levels and eBL. Published by Elsevier Ltd.
BACKGROUND:Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) causes endemic Burkitt lymphoma (eBL). EBV control was improved by magnesium (Mg2+) supplementation in XMEN, an X-linked genetic diseaseassociated with Mg2+ deficiency, high circulating EBV levels (viral loads), and EBV-related lymphomas. We, therefore, investigated the relationship between Mg2+ levels and EBV levels and eBL in Uganda. METHODS: Plasma Mg2+ was measured in 45 women with low or high circulating EBV levels, 40 pediatric eBL cases, and 79 healthy children. Mg2+ uptake by T-lymphocytes was evaluated in samples from healthy donors. RESULTS: Plasma Mg2+ deficiency (plasma level <1.8 mg/dl) was more likely in women with high- vs. low-EBV levels (76.0% vs. 35%; odds ratio [OR] 11.3, 95% CI 2.14-60.2), controlling for age, and in eBL cases than controls (42.0% vs. 13.9%; OR 3.61, 95% CI 1.32-9.88), controlling for sex, age group, and malaria status. Mg2+ uptake by T-lymphocytes was related to extracellular Mg2+ concentration. INTERPRETATION: Plasma Mg2+ deficiency is associated with high EBV levels and eBL. Published by Elsevier Ltd.
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