Magdalena Cerdá1, Aaron L Sarvet2, Melanie Wall3, Tianshu Feng4, Katherine M Keyes5, Sandro Galea6, Deborah S Hasin7. 1. Department of Emergency Medicine, University of California, Davis, 2315 Stockton Blvd., 95817 Sacramento, CA, United States. Electronic address: magda.cerda@gmail.com. 2. Department of Psychiatry, College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University, New York, NY, United States; New York State Psychiatric Institute, New York, NY, United States. 3. Department of Psychiatry, College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University, New York, NY, United States; New York State Psychiatric Institute, New York, NY, United States; Department of Biostatistics, Mailman School of Public Health, Columbia University, New York, NY, United States. 4. New York State Psychiatric Institute, New York, NY, United States. 5. Department of Psychiatry, College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University, New York, NY, United States; Department of Epidemiology, Mailman School of Public Health, Columbia University, New York, NY, United States. 6. Boston School of Public Health, Boston University, Boston, MA, United States. 7. Department of Psychiatry, College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University, New York, NY, United States; New York State Psychiatric Institute, New York, NY, United States; Department of Epidemiology, Mailman School of Public Health, Columbia University, New York, NY, United States.
Abstract
BACKGROUND: Historical shifts have taken place in the last twenty years in marijuana policy. The impact of medical marijuana laws (MML) on use of substances other than marijuana is not well understood. We examined the relationship between state MML and use of marijuana, cigarettes, illicit drugs, nonmedical use of prescription opioids, amphetamines, and tranquilizers, as well as binge drinking. METHODS: Pre-post MML difference-in-difference analyses were performed on a nationally representative sample of adolescents in 48 contiguous U.S. states. Participants were 1,179,372U.S. 8th, 10th, and 12th graders in the national Monitoring the Future annual surveys conducted in 1991-2015. Measurements were any self-reported past-30-day use of marijuana, cigarettes, non-medical use of opioids, amphetamines and tranquilizers, other illicit substances, and any past-two-week binge drinking (5+ drinks per occasion). RESULTS: Among 8th graders, the prevalence of marijuana, binge drinking, cigarette use, non-medical use of opioids, amphetamines and tranquilizers, and any non-marijuana illicit drug use decreased after MML enactment (0.2-2.4% decrease; p-values:<0.0001-0.0293). Among 10th graders, the prevalence of substance use did not change after MML enactment (p-values: 0.177-0.938). Among 12th graders, non-medical prescription opioid and cigarette use increased after MML enactment (0.9-2.7% increase; p-values: <0.0001-0.0026). CONCLUSIONS: MML enactment is associated with decreases in marijuana and other drugs in early adolescence in those states. Mechanisms that explain the increase in non-medical prescription opioid and cigarette use among 12th graders following MML enactment deserve further study.
BACKGROUND: Historical shifts have taken place in the last twenty years in marijuana policy. The impact of medical marijuana laws (MML) on use of substances other than marijuana is not well understood. We examined the relationship between state MML and use of marijuana, cigarettes, illicit drugs, nonmedical use of prescription opioids, amphetamines, and tranquilizers, as well as binge drinking. METHODS: Pre-post MML difference-in-difference analyses were performed on a nationally representative sample of adolescents in 48 contiguous U.S. states. Participants were 1,179,372U.S. 8th, 10th, and 12th graders in the national Monitoring the Future annual surveys conducted in 1991-2015. Measurements were any self-reported past-30-day use of marijuana, cigarettes, non-medical use of opioids, amphetamines and tranquilizers, other illicit substances, and any past-two-week binge drinking (5+ drinks per occasion). RESULTS: Among 8th graders, the prevalence of marijuana, binge drinking, cigarette use, non-medical use of opioids, amphetamines and tranquilizers, and any non-marijuana illicit drug use decreased after MML enactment (0.2-2.4% decrease; p-values:<0.0001-0.0293). Among 10th graders, the prevalence of substance use did not change after MML enactment (p-values: 0.177-0.938). Among 12th graders, non-medical prescription opioid and cigarette use increased after MML enactment (0.9-2.7% increase; p-values: <0.0001-0.0026). CONCLUSIONS: MML enactment is associated with decreases in marijuana and other drugs in early adolescence in those states. Mechanisms that explain the increase in non-medical prescription opioid and cigarette use among 12th graders following MML enactment deserve further study.
Authors: Jie Guo; Karl G Hill; J David Hawkins; Richard F Catalano; Robert D Abbott Journal: J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry Date: 2002-07 Impact factor: 8.829
Authors: June H Kim; Julian Santaella-Tenorio; Christine Mauro; Julia Wrobel; Magdalena Cerdà; Katherine M Keyes; Deborah Hasin; Silvia S Martins; Guohua Li Journal: Am J Public Health Date: 2016-09-15 Impact factor: 9.308
Authors: Jennifer A Silvers; Lindsay M Squeglia; Kristine Rømer Thomsen; Karen A Hudson; Sarah W Feldstein Ewing Journal: Alcohol Clin Exp Res Date: 2019-03-15 Impact factor: 3.455
Authors: Shadiya L Moss; Julian Santaella-Tenorio; Pia M Mauro; Katherine M Keyes; Silvia S Martins Journal: Addiction Date: 2018-12-18 Impact factor: 6.526
Authors: Sirish Veligati; Seth Howdeshell; Sara Beeler-Stinn; Deepak Lingam; Phylicia C Allen; Li-Shiun Chen; Richard A Grucza Journal: Int J Drug Policy Date: 2019-11-15