Cardioprotective effect of influenza and pneumococcal vaccination in patients with cardiovascular diseases.

Due to the wide interaction between the respiratory and the circulatory systems, influenza and pneumococcal vaccinations are recommended in the prevention and treatment of cardiovascular diseases. The review summarizes the results of recent studies and meta-analyses demonstrating that in this group of high-risk patients both vaccinations have potentially beneficial properties. However, in the era of Evidence Base Medicine, there is still a lack of randomized prospective clinical trials, especially those evaluating the effect of pneumococcal vaccination. As the burden of cardiovascular diseases represents various pathologies, it is important to point that the beneficial effect of vaccination is more pronounced in the atherosclerotic etiology, especially in patients after recent coronary events. This information contributes significantly to the appreciation of the role of the adaptive and innate immunity in atherosclerosis, which is now considered as immuno-inflammatory process driven by LDL-cholesterol intimal infiltration and macrophages activation. The mechanism of the cardioprotective effect of vaccination may not only be associated with the elimination of infections and their complications, but also related to the modification of the immuno-inflammatory model of atherosclerosis.