Benjamin M Scirica1, Ofri Mosenzon2, Deepak L Bhatt1, Jacob A Udell3,4, Ph Gabriel Steg5,6, Darren K McGuire7, KyungAh Im1, Estella Kanevsky1, Christina Stahre8, Mikaela Sjöstrand8, Itamar Raz2, Eugene Braunwald1. 1. Thrombolysis in Myocardial Infarction Study Group, Cardiovascular Division, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts. 2. Diabetes Unit, Division of Internal Medicine, Hadassah Hebrew University Hospital, Jerusalem, Israel. 3. Women's College Research Institute and Cardiovascular Division, Department of Medicine, Women's College Hospital, Toronto, Ontario, Canada. 4. Peter Munk Cardiac Centre, University Health Network, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada. 5. Département Hospitalo-Universitaire Fibrosis, Inflammation and REmodeling, INSERM U-1148, Université Paris-Diderot, Hôpital Bichat, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Paris, France. 6. National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College, Institute of Cardiovascular Medicine and Sciences, Royal Brompton Hospital, London, United Kingdom. 7. Division of Cardiology, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas. 8. AstraZeneca R&D, Gothenburg, Sweden.
Abstract
Importance: An elevated level of urinary albumin to creatinine ratio (UACR) is a marker of renal dysfunction and predictor of kidney failure/death in patients with type 2 diabetes. The prognostic use of UACR in established cardiac biomarkers is not well described. Objective: To evaluate whether UACR offers incremental prognostic benefit beyond risk factors and established plasma cardiovascular biomarkers. Design, Setting, and Participants: The Saxagliptin Assessment of Vascular Outcomes Recorded in Patients With Diabetes Mellitus-Thrombolysis in Myocardial Infarction (SAVOR-TIMI) 53 study was performed from May 2010 to May 2013 and evaluated the safety of saxagliptin vs placebo in patients with type 2 diabetes with overt cardiovascular disease or multiple risk factors. Median follow-up was 2.1 years (interquartile range, 1.8-2.3 years). Interventions: Patients were randomized to saxagliptin vs placebo plus standard care. Main Outcomes and Measures: Baseline UACR was measured in 15 760 patients (95.6% of the trial population) and categorized into thresholds. Results: Of 15 760 patients, 5205 were female (33.0%). The distribution of UARC categories were: 5805 patients (36.8%) less than 10 mg/g, 3891 patients (24.7%) at 10 to 30 mg/g, 4426 patients (28.1%) at 30 to 300 mg/g, and 1638 patients (10.4%) at more than 300 mg/g. When evaluated without cardiac biomarkers, there was a stepwise increase with each higher UACR category in the incidence of the primary composite end point (cardiovascular death, myocardial infarction, or ischemic stroke) (3.9%, 6.9%, 9.2%, and 14.3%); cardiovascular death (1.4%, 2.6%, 4.1%, and 6.9%); and hospitalization for heart failure (1.5%, 2.5%, 4.0%, and 8.3%) (adjusted P < .001 for trend). The net reclassification improvement at the event rate for each end point was 0.081 (95% CI, 0.025 to 0.161), 0.129 (95% CI, 0.029 to 0.202), and 0.056 (95% CI, -0.005 to 0.141), respectively. The stepwise increased cardiovascular risk associated with a UACR of more than 10 mg/g was also present within each chronic kidney disease category. The UACR was associated with outcomes after including cardiac biomarkers. However, the improvement in discrimination and reclassification was attenuated; net reclassification improvement at the event rate was 0.022 (95% CI, -0.022 to 0.067), -0.008 (-0.034 to 0.053), and 0.043 (-0.030 to 0.052) for the primary end point, cardiovascular death, and hospitalization for heart failure, respectively. Conclusions and Relevance: In patients with type 2 diabetes, UACR was independently associated with increased risk for a spectrum of adverse cardiovascular outcomes. However, the incremental cardiovascular prognostic value of UACR was minimal when evaluated together with contemporary cardiac biomarkers. Trial Registration: clinicaltrials.gov Identifier: NCT01107886.
RCT Entities:
Importance: An elevated level of urinary albumin to creatinine ratio (UACR) is a marker of renal dysfunction and predictor of kidney failure/death in patients with type 2 diabetes. The prognostic use of UACR in established cardiac biomarkers is not well described. Objective: To evaluate whether UACR offers incremental prognostic benefit beyond risk factors and established plasma cardiovascular biomarkers. Design, Setting, and Participants: The Saxagliptin Assessment of Vascular Outcomes Recorded in Patients With Diabetes Mellitus-Thrombolysis in Myocardial Infarction (SAVOR-TIMI) 53 study was performed from May 2010 to May 2013 and evaluated the safety of saxagliptin vs placebo in patients with type 2 diabetes with overt cardiovascular disease or multiple risk factors. Median follow-up was 2.1 years (interquartile range, 1.8-2.3 years). Interventions: Patients were randomized to saxagliptin vs placebo plus standard care. Main Outcomes and Measures: Baseline UACR was measured in 15 760 patients (95.6% of the trial population) and categorized into thresholds. Results: Of 15 760 patients, 5205 were female (33.0%). The distribution of UARC categories were: 5805 patients (36.8%) less than 10 mg/g, 3891 patients (24.7%) at 10 to 30 mg/g, 4426 patients (28.1%) at 30 to 300 mg/g, and 1638 patients (10.4%) at more than 300 mg/g. When evaluated without cardiac biomarkers, there was a stepwise increase with each higher UACR category in the incidence of the primary composite end point (cardiovascular death, myocardial infarction, or ischemic stroke) (3.9%, 6.9%, 9.2%, and 14.3%); cardiovascular death (1.4%, 2.6%, 4.1%, and 6.9%); and hospitalization for heart failure (1.5%, 2.5%, 4.0%, and 8.3%) (adjusted P < .001 for trend). The net reclassification improvement at the event rate for each end point was 0.081 (95% CI, 0.025 to 0.161), 0.129 (95% CI, 0.029 to 0.202), and 0.056 (95% CI, -0.005 to 0.141), respectively. The stepwise increased cardiovascular risk associated with a UACR of more than 10 mg/g was also present within each chronic kidney disease category. The UACR was associated with outcomes after including cardiac biomarkers. However, the improvement in discrimination and reclassification was attenuated; net reclassification improvement at the event rate was 0.022 (95% CI, -0.022 to 0.067), -0.008 (-0.034 to 0.053), and 0.043 (-0.030 to 0.052) for the primary end point, cardiovascular death, and hospitalization for heart failure, respectively. Conclusions and Relevance: In patients with type 2 diabetes, UACR was independently associated with increased risk for a spectrum of adverse cardiovascular outcomes. However, the incremental cardiovascular prognostic value of UACR was minimal when evaluated together with contemporary cardiac biomarkers. Trial Registration: clinicaltrials.gov Identifier: NCT01107886.
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