Patients' Rights in Cross-border Healthcare (Directive 2011/24/EU) and How It Applies to Turkey as a Negotiating Candidate Country.

Cross-border healthcare and patient mobility across European Union Member States has been on the agenda of EU Commission for the last decade. Directive 2011/24/EU on the application of patients' rights in cross-border healthcare went into force in 2013. The Directive mainly addresses the responsibilities of Member States in cross-border healthcare, regulates reimbursement procedure, and coordinates European reference networks and health technology assessment in the EU. The Directive has direct and indirect implications on Turkish health system. In this article, first an overview of Directive 2011/24/EU is addressed with special attention to its relation to patient rights and other EU legislations. Then, Turkish citizens' position in the scope of EU legislation on patient rights is considered. Finally, the ethical implications of the Directive, conceptualisation of cross-border patient mobility, and Turkey's particular position among other candidate countries regarding cross-border healthcare is discussed.