Classification of images based on small local features: a case applied to microaneurysms in fundus retina images.

Convolutional neural networks (CNNs), the state of the art in image classification, have proven to be as effective as an ophthalmologist, when detecting referable diabetic retinopathy. Having a size of [Formula: see text] of the total image, microaneurysms are early lesions in diabetic retinopathy that are difficult to classify. A model that includes two CNNs with different input image sizes, [Formula: see text] and [Formula: see text], was developed. These models were trained using the Kaggle and Messidor datasets and tested independently against the Kaggle dataset, showing a sensitivity [Formula: see text], a specificity [Formula: see text], and an area under the receiver operating characteristics curve [Formula: see text]. Furthermore, by combining these trained models, there was a reduction of false positives for complete images by about 50% and a sensitivity of 96% when tested against the DiaRetDB1 dataset. In addition, a powerful image preprocessing procedure was implemented, improving not only images for annotations, but also decreasing the number of epochs during training. Finally, a feedback method was developed increasing the accuracy of the CNN [Formula: see text] input model.