S A M Lambregts1,2, J E M Smetsers3, I M A J Verhoeven4, A J de Kloet4,5, I G L van de Port2, G M Ribbers1,6, C E Catsman-Berrevoets7. 1. a Department of Rehabilitation Medicine Erasmus MC University Medical Centre , Rotterdam , The Netherlands. 2. b Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Revant Rehabilitation Centres, Breda , The Netherlands. 3. c Department of Neuropsychology, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands. 4. d Expertise Group, The Hague University of Applied Sciences, The Hague , The Netherlands. 5. e Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Sophia Rehabilitation Centre , The Hague , The Netherlands. 6. f Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Rijndam Rehabilitation Institute , Rotterdam , The Netherlands. 7. g Department of Pediatric Neurology Erasmus MC University Medical Centre, Rotterdam , The Netherlands.
Abstract
BACKGROUND: 10-20% of children and youth with mild traumatic brain injury (mTBI) suffer from long-term cognitive impairments with, supposedly, a negative impact on most domains of functioning. OBJECTIVES: To describe cognitive functioning and participation in children and youth two-years post-mTBI and to determine associated risk factors. METHODS: Cross-sectional study among 73 patients (aged 6-22 years), hospital diagnosed with mTBI. Linear regression modelling was used to investigate the effect of potential predictors on cognitive functioning as measured with a neuropsychological assessment (NPA), two-years post-injury. Extent of participation was assessed using the Child and Adolescent Scale of Participation and correlation analysis was conducted to examine its association with level of cognitive functioning. RESULTS: 7-15% of all participants had impaired cognitive functions, especially in the domains of processing speed, inhibitory control, cognitive flexibility, visuospatial constructional ability and visuospatial memory. Lower level of education and pre-injury cognitive problems were predictive for a lower level of long-term cognitive functioning. Slower inhibition speed, impaired visuospatial and verbal working memory were associated with reduced participation. DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSIONS: Persisting cognitive problems two years after mTBI were mostly related to the lower level of education and to pre-injury cognitive problems. Although participation of the patients was reported by parents to be relatively high, slower inhibition speed, impaired visuospatial and verbal working memory were associated with reduced participation.
BACKGROUND: 10-20% of children and youth with mild traumatic brain injury (mTBI) suffer from long-term cognitive impairments with, supposedly, a negative impact on most domains of functioning. OBJECTIVES: To describe cognitive functioning and participation in children and youth two-years post-mTBI and to determine associated risk factors. METHODS: Cross-sectional study among 73 patients (aged 6-22 years), hospital diagnosed with mTBI. Linear regression modelling was used to investigate the effect of potential predictors on cognitive functioning as measured with a neuropsychological assessment (NPA), two-years post-injury. Extent of participation was assessed using the Child and Adolescent Scale of Participation and correlation analysis was conducted to examine its association with level of cognitive functioning. RESULTS: 7-15% of all participants had impaired cognitive functions, especially in the domains of processing speed, inhibitory control, cognitive flexibility, visuospatial constructional ability and visuospatial memory. Lower level of education and pre-injury cognitive problems were predictive for a lower level of long-term cognitive functioning. Slower inhibition speed, impaired visuospatial and verbal working memory were associated with reduced participation. DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSIONS: Persisting cognitive problems two years after mTBI were mostly related to the lower level of education and to pre-injury cognitive problems. Although participation of the patients was reported by parents to be relatively high, slower inhibition speed, impaired visuospatial and verbal working memory were associated with reduced participation.
Entities:
Keywords:
Acquired Brain Injury; adolescents; long-term; young adults
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