Cendrine D Robinson1, Christine Muench2, Emily Brede3, Romano Endrighi4, Edwin H Szeto3, Joanna R Sells3, John P Lammers3, Kolawole S Okuyemi5, Grant Izmirlian6, Andrew J Waters3. 1. National Cancer Institute, Division of Cancer Prevention, 9609 Medical Center Drive, Rockville, MD 20850, United States. Electronic address: robinsoncd@mail.nih.gov. 2. National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism, Section on Clinical Genomics and Experimental Therapeutics,10 Center Dr, Bethesda, MD 20814, United States. 3. Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, Department of Medical Clinical Psychology, 4301 Jones Bridge Rd, Bethesda, MD 20814, United States. 4. Boston University, Division of Behavioral Science Research, Henry M Goldman School of Dental Medicine, 560 Harrison Avenue, Boston, MA 02118, United States. 5. University of Utah, Department of Family and Preventive Medicine, 375 Chipeta Way, Suite A, Salt Lake City, UT 84108, United States. 6. National Cancer Institute, Division of Cancer Prevention, 9609 Medical Center Drive, Rockville, MD 20850, United States.
Abstract
INTRODUCTION: Many African Americans live in communities with a disproportionately high density of tobacco advertisements compared to Whites. Some research indicates that point-of-sale advertising is associated with impulse purchases of cigarettes and smoking. Ecological Momentary Assessment (EMA) can be used to examine associations between tobacco advertisement exposure and smoking variables in the natural environment. METHODS:Non-treatment seeking African American smokers were given a mobile device for 2weeks (N=56). They were prompted four times per day and responded to questions about recent exposure to tobacco advertisements. Participants were also asked to indicate the number of cigarettes smoked, and if they made any purchase, or an impulse purchase, since the last assessment. Linear mixed models (LMMs) analyzed between- and within-subject associations between exposure and outcomes. RESULTS: Participants reported seeing at least one advertisement on 33% of assessments. Of those assessments, they reported seeing menthol advertisements on 87% of assessments. Between-subject analyses revealed that participants who on average saw more advertisements were generally more likely to report purchasing cigarettes and to purchase cigarettes on impulse. Within-subject analyses revealed that when an individual participant reported seeing more advertisements than usual they were more likely to have reported purchasing cigarettes, making an impulse purchase and smoking more cigarettes during the same period, but not the subsequent time period. CONCLUSIONS:Many African American smokers are frequently exposed to pro-tobacco marketing. Advertisement exposure is cross-sectionally associated with impulse purchases and smoking. Future research should assess prospective associations in more detail. Published by Elsevier Ltd.
RCT Entities:
INTRODUCTION: Many African Americans live in communities with a disproportionately high density of tobacco advertisements compared to Whites. Some research indicates that point-of-sale advertising is associated with impulse purchases of cigarettes and smoking. Ecological Momentary Assessment (EMA) can be used to examine associations between tobacco advertisement exposure and smoking variables in the natural environment. METHODS: Non-treatment seeking African American smokers were given a mobile device for 2weeks (N=56). They were prompted four times per day and responded to questions about recent exposure to tobacco advertisements. Participants were also asked to indicate the number of cigarettes smoked, and if they made any purchase, or an impulse purchase, since the last assessment. Linear mixed models (LMMs) analyzed between- and within-subject associations between exposure and outcomes. RESULTS:Participants reported seeing at least one advertisement on 33% of assessments. Of those assessments, they reported seeing menthol advertisements on 87% of assessments. Between-subject analyses revealed that participants who on average saw more advertisements were generally more likely to report purchasing cigarettes and to purchase cigarettes on impulse. Within-subject analyses revealed that when an individual participant reported seeing more advertisements than usual they were more likely to have reported purchasing cigarettes, making an impulse purchase and smoking more cigarettes during the same period, but not the subsequent time period. CONCLUSIONS: Many African American smokers are frequently exposed to pro-tobacco marketing. Advertisement exposure is cross-sectionally associated with impulse purchases and smoking. Future research should assess prospective associations in more detail. Published by Elsevier Ltd.
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