Sameer A Pathan1, Biswadev Mitra2, Peter A Cameron2. 1. Emergency Department, Hamad General Hospital, Hamad Medical Corporation, Doha, Qatar; Department of Epidemiology & Preventive Medicine, Monash University, Melbourne, Australia; National Trauma Research Institute, The Alfred Hospital, Melbourne, Australia. Electronic address: sameer.pathan@monash.edu. 2. Department of Epidemiology & Preventive Medicine, Monash University, Melbourne, Australia; National Trauma Research Institute, The Alfred Hospital, Melbourne, Australia; Emergency & Trauma Centre, The Alfred Hospital, Melbourne, Australia.
Abstract
CONTEXT: Renal colic is a common, acute presentation of urolithiasis that requires immediate pain relief. European Association of Urology guidelines recommend nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) as the preferred analgesia. However, the fear of NSAID adverse effects and the uncertainty about superior analgesic effect have maintained the practice of advocating intravenous opioids as the initial analgesia. OBJECTIVE: The objective of this systematic review and meta-analysis was to compare the safety and efficacy of NSAIDs with opioids and paracetamol (acetaminophen) for the management of acute renal colic. EVIDENCE ACQUISITION: Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials, MEDLINE, EMBASE, World Health Organization International Clinical Trials Registry Platform, Google Scholar, and the reference list of retrieved articles were searched up to December 2016 without language restrictions. Two reviewers independently assessed eligible studies using the Cochrane Collaboration tool for assessing and reporting the risk of bias and abstracted data using predefined data fields. EVIDENCE SYNTHESIS: From 468 potentially relevant studies, 36 randomized controlled trials (RCTs) including 4887 patients, published between 1982 and 2016, were included in this systematic review. The treatment effect observed indicated marginal benefit of NSAIDs over opioids in initial pain reduction at 30min (11 RCTs, n=1985, mean difference [MD] -5.58, 95% confidence interval [CI] -10.22 to -0.95; heterogeneity I2=81%). In the subgroup analyses by the route of administration, NSAIDs required fewer rescue treatments (seven RCTs, n=541, number needed to treat [NNT] 11, 95% CI 6-75) and had lower vomiting rates compared with opioids (five RCTs, n=531, NNT 5, 95% CI 4-8). Comparisons of NSAIDs with paracetamol showed no difference for both drugs at 30min (four RCTs, n=1325, MD -5.67, 95% CI -17.52 to 6.18, p=0.35; I2=89%). Patients treated with NSAIDs required fewer rescue treatments (two trials, n=1145, risk ratio 0.56, 95% CI 0.42-0.74, p<0.001; I2=0%). CONCLUSIONS: NSAIDs were equivalent to opioids or paracetamol in the relief of acute renal colic pain at 30min. There was less vomiting and fewer requirements for rescue analgesia with NSAIDs compared with opioids. Patients treated with NSAIDs required less rescue analgesia compared with paracetamol. Despite observed heterogeneity among the included studies and the overall quality of evidence, the findings of a lower need for rescue analgesia and fewer adverse events, in conjunction with the practical advantages of ease of delivery, suggest that NSAIDs should be the preferred analgesic option for patients presenting to the emergency department with renal colic. PATIENT SUMMARY: In kidney stone-related acute pain episodes in patients with adequate renal function, treatment with nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs offers effective and most sustained pain relief, with fewer side effects, when compared with opioids or paracetamol.
CONTEXT: Renal colic is a common, acute presentation of urolithiasis that requires immediate pain relief. European Association of Urology guidelines recommend nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) as the preferred analgesia. However, the fear of NSAID adverse effects and the uncertainty about superior analgesic effect have maintained the practice of advocating intravenous opioids as the initial analgesia. OBJECTIVE: The objective of this systematic review and meta-analysis was to compare the safety and efficacy of NSAIDs with opioids and paracetamol (acetaminophen) for the management of acute renal colic. EVIDENCE ACQUISITION: Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials, MEDLINE, EMBASE, World Health Organization International Clinical Trials Registry Platform, Google Scholar, and the reference list of retrieved articles were searched up to December 2016 without language restrictions. Two reviewers independently assessed eligible studies using the Cochrane Collaboration tool for assessing and reporting the risk of bias and abstracted data using predefined data fields. EVIDENCE SYNTHESIS: From 468 potentially relevant studies, 36 randomized controlled trials (RCTs) including 4887 patients, published between 1982 and 2016, were included in this systematic review. The treatment effect observed indicated marginal benefit of NSAIDs over opioids in initial pain reduction at 30min (11 RCTs, n=1985, mean difference [MD] -5.58, 95% confidence interval [CI] -10.22 to -0.95; heterogeneity I2=81%). In the subgroup analyses by the route of administration, NSAIDs required fewer rescue treatments (seven RCTs, n=541, number needed to treat [NNT] 11, 95% CI 6-75) and had lower vomiting rates compared with opioids (five RCTs, n=531, NNT 5, 95% CI 4-8). Comparisons of NSAIDs with paracetamol showed no difference for both drugs at 30min (four RCTs, n=1325, MD -5.67, 95% CI -17.52 to 6.18, p=0.35; I2=89%). Patients treated with NSAIDs required fewer rescue treatments (two trials, n=1145, risk ratio 0.56, 95% CI 0.42-0.74, p<0.001; I2=0%). CONCLUSIONS: NSAIDs were equivalent to opioids or paracetamol in the relief of acute renal colic pain at 30min. There was less vomiting and fewer requirements for rescue analgesia with NSAIDs compared with opioids. Patients treated with NSAIDs required less rescue analgesia compared with paracetamol. Despite observed heterogeneity among the included studies and the overall quality of evidence, the findings of a lower need for rescue analgesia and fewer adverse events, in conjunction with the practical advantages of ease of delivery, suggest that NSAIDs should be the preferred analgesic option for patients presenting to the emergency department with renal colic. PATIENT SUMMARY: In kidney stone-related acute pain episodes in patients with adequate renal function, treatment with nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs offers effective and most sustained pain relief, with fewer side effects, when compared with opioids or paracetamol.
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