BACKGROUND: Major depression (MD) occurs about twice as often in women as in men, but it is unclear whether sex differences subsist after disease onset. This study aims to elucidate potential sex differences in rates and risk factors for MD recurrence, in order to improve prediction of course of illness and understanding of its underlying mechanisms. METHODS: We used prospective data from a general population sample (n = 653) that experienced a recent episode of MD. A diverse set of potential risk factors for recurrence of MD was analyzed using Cox models subject to elastic net regularization for males and females separately. Accuracy of the prediction models was tested in same-sex and opposite-sex test data. Additionally, interactions between sex and each of the risk factors were investigated to identify potential sex differences. RESULTS: Recurrence rates and the impact of most risk factors were similar for men and women. For both sexes, prediction models were highly multifactorial including risk factors such as comorbid anxiety, early traumas, and family history. Some subtle sex differences were detected: for men, prediction models included more risk factors concerning characteristics of the depressive episode and family history of MD and generalized anxiety, whereas for women, models included more risk factors concerning early and recent adverse life events and socioeconomic problems. CONCLUSIONS: No prominent sex differences in risk factors for recurrence of MD were found, potentially indicating similar disease maintaining mechanisms for both sexes. Course of MD is a multifactorial phenomenon for both males and females.
BACKGROUND: Major depression (MD) occurs about twice as often in women as in men, but it is unclear whether sex differences subsist after disease onset. This study aims to elucidate potential sex differences in rates and risk factors for MD recurrence, in order to improve prediction of course of illness and understanding of its underlying mechanisms. METHODS: We used prospective data from a general population sample (n = 653) that experienced a recent episode of MD. A diverse set of potential risk factors for recurrence of MD was analyzed using Cox models subject to elastic net regularization for males and females separately. Accuracy of the prediction models was tested in same-sex and opposite-sex test data. Additionally, interactions between sex and each of the risk factors were investigated to identify potential sex differences. RESULTS: Recurrence rates and the impact of most risk factors were similar for men and women. For both sexes, prediction models were highly multifactorial including risk factors such as comorbid anxiety, early traumas, and family history. Some subtle sex differences were detected: for men, prediction models included more risk factors concerning characteristics of the depressive episode and family history of MD and generalized anxiety, whereas for women, models included more risk factors concerning early and recent adverse life events and socioeconomic problems. CONCLUSIONS: No prominent sex differences in risk factors for recurrence of MD were found, potentially indicating similar disease maintaining mechanisms for both sexes. Course of MD is a multifactorial phenomenon for both males and females.
Entities:
Keywords:
Major depressive disorder; course of illness; prediction; recurrence; sex differences
Authors: Andrew S Moriarty; Nicholas Meader; Kym Ie Snell; Richard D Riley; Lewis W Paton; Carolyn A Chew-Graham; Simon Gilbody; Rachel Churchill; Robert S Phillips; Shehzad Ali; Dean McMillan Journal: Cochrane Database Syst Rev Date: 2021-05-06
Authors: Andrew S Moriarty; Lewis W Paton; Kym I E Snell; Richard D Riley; Joshua E J Buckman; Simon Gilbody; Carolyn A Chew-Graham; Shehzad Ali; Stephen Pilling; Nick Meader; Bob Phillips; Peter A Coventry; Jaime Delgadillo; David A Richards; Chris Salisbury; Dean McMillan Journal: Diagn Progn Res Date: 2021-07-02
Authors: Gabriëlla A M Blokland; Jakob Grove; Chia-Yen Chen; Chris Cotsapas; Stuart Tobet; Robert Handa; David St Clair; Todd Lencz; Bryan J Mowry; Sathish Periyasamy; Murray J Cairns; Paul A Tooney; Jing Qin Wu; Brian Kelly; George Kirov; Patrick F Sullivan; Aiden Corvin; Brien P Riley; Tõnu Esko; Lili Milani; Erik G Jönsson; Aarno Palotie; Hannelore Ehrenreich; Martin Begemann; Agnes Steixner-Kumar; Pak C Sham; Nakao Iwata; Daniel R Weinberger; Pablo V Gejman; Alan R Sanders; Joseph D Buxbaum; Dan Rujescu; Ina Giegling; Bettina Konte; Annette M Hartmann; Elvira Bramon; Robin M Murray; Michele T Pato; Jimmy Lee; Ingrid Melle; Espen Molden; Roel A Ophoff; Andrew McQuillin; Nicholas J Bass; Rolf Adolfsson; Anil K Malhotra; Nicholas G Martin; Janice M Fullerton; Philip B Mitchell; Peter R Schofield; Andreas J Forstner; Franziska Degenhardt; Sabrina Schaupp; Ashley L Comes; Manolis Kogevinas; José Guzman-Parra; Andreas Reif; Fabian Streit; Lea Sirignano; Sven Cichon; Maria Grigoroiu-Serbanescu; Joanna Hauser; Jolanta Lissowska; Fermin Mayoral; Bertram Müller-Myhsok; Beata Świątkowska; Thomas G Schulze; Markus M Nöthen; Marcella Rietschel; John Kelsoe; Marion Leboyer; Stéphane Jamain; Bruno Etain; Frank Bellivier; John B Vincent; Martin Alda; Claire O'Donovan; Pablo Cervantes; Joanna M Biernacka; Mark Frye; Susan L McElroy; Laura J Scott; Eli A Stahl; Mikael Landén; Marian L Hamshere; Olav B Smeland; Srdjan Djurovic; Arne E Vaaler; Ole A Andreassen; Bernhard T Baune; Tracy Air; Martin Preisig; Rudolf Uher; Douglas F Levinson; Myrna M Weissman; James B Potash; Jianxin Shi; James A Knowles; Roy H Perlis; Susanne Lucae; Dorret I Boomsma; Brenda W J H Penninx; Jouke-Jan Hottenga; Eco J C de Geus; Gonneke Willemsen; Yuri Milaneschi; Henning Tiemeier; Hans J Grabe; Alexander Teumer; Sandra Van der Auwera; Uwe Völker; Steven P Hamilton; Patrik K E Magnusson; Alexander Viktorin; Divya Mehta; Niamh Mullins; Mark J Adams; Gerome Breen; Andrew M McIntosh; Cathryn M Lewis; David M Hougaard; Merete Nordentoft; Ole Mors; Preben B Mortensen; Thomas Werge; Thomas D Als; Anders D Børglum; Tracey L Petryshen; Jordan W Smoller; Jill M Goldstein Journal: Biol Psychiatry Date: 2021-03-23 Impact factor: 12.810