Ashli A Owen-Smith1, Craig Sineath2, Travis Sanchez2, Robin Dea3, Shawn Giammattei4, Theresa Gillespie5, Monica F Helms2, Enid M Hunkeler6, Virginia P Quinn7, Douglas Roblin1, Jennifer Slovis6, Robert Stephenson8, Patrick S Sullivan2, Vin Tangpricha9, Cory Woodyatt2, Michael Goodman2. 1. Georgia State University, School of Public Health, Department of Health Management and Policy, Atlanta GA. 2. Emory University, Rollins School of Public Health, Department of Epidemiology, Atlanta GA. 3. The Permanente Medical Group (Retired), Redwood City, CA. 4. The Rockway Institute, Alliant International University, San Francisco, CA. 5. Emory University, School of Medicine, Department of Surgery, Atlanta, GA. 6. Kaiser Permanente Northern California, Division of Research, Oakland, CA. 7. Kaiser Permanente Southern California, Pasadena, CA. 8. University of Michigan, School of Nursing, Department of Health Behavior and Biological Sciences, Ann Arbor, MI. 9. Emory University, School of Medicine, Department of Endocrinology, Atlanta, GA.
Abstract
PURPOSE: The goal of the study was to examine the association between depression and perceived community tolerance after controlling for various demographic and personal characteristics, treatment receipt, and past experiences with abuse or discrimination. METHODS: An on-line survey assessed depressive symptoms among transgender and gender non-conforming individuals. Depression was assessed using the 7-item Beck Depression Inventory for Primary Care (BDI-PC) and the 10-item Center for Epidemiologic Studies Depression (CESD-10) scale. RESULTS: The prevalence ratios (95% confidence intervals) comparing depression in persons who did and did not perceive their area as tolerant were 0.33 (0.20-0.54) for BD-PC and 0.66 (0.49-0.89) for CESD-10. Other factors associated with depression were experience with abuse or discrimination, lower education, and unfulfilled desire to receive hormonal therapy. CONCLUSION: Depression was common in this sample of transgender and gender non-conforming individuals and was strongly and consistently associated with participants' perceptions of community tolerance, even after adjusting for possible confounding. The association between desire to receive hormonal therapy and depression is a finding that warrants further exploration. Future research should also assess depression and changes in perception of community tolerance in transgender individuals before and after initiation of gender confirmation treatment.
PURPOSE: The goal of the study was to examine the association between depression and perceived community tolerance after controlling for various demographic and personal characteristics, treatment receipt, and past experiences with abuse or discrimination. METHODS: An on-line survey assessed depressive symptoms among transgender and gender non-conforming individuals. Depression was assessed using the 7-item Beck Depression Inventory for Primary Care (BDI-PC) and the 10-item Center for Epidemiologic Studies Depression (CESD-10) scale. RESULTS: The prevalence ratios (95% confidence intervals) comparing depression in persons who did and did not perceive their area as tolerant were 0.33 (0.20-0.54) for BD-PC and 0.66 (0.49-0.89) for CESD-10. Other factors associated with depression were experience with abuse or discrimination, lower education, and unfulfilled desire to receive hormonal therapy. CONCLUSION: Depression was common in this sample of transgender and gender non-conforming individuals and was strongly and consistently associated with participants' perceptions of community tolerance, even after adjusting for possible confounding. The association between desire to receive hormonal therapy and depression is a finding that warrants further exploration. Future research should also assess depression and changes in perception of community tolerance in transgender individuals before and after initiation of gender confirmation treatment.
Authors: Larry Nuttbrock; Walter Bockting; Andrew Rosenblum; Sel Hwahng; Mona Mason; Monica Macri; Jeffrey Becker Journal: Am J Public Health Date: 2013-12-12 Impact factor: 9.308
Authors: Larry Nuttbrock; Walter Bockting; Andrew Rosenblum; Sel Hwahng; Mona Mason; Monica Macri; Jeffrey Becker Journal: Am J Public Health Date: 2012-06-14 Impact factor: 9.308
Authors: Virginia P Quinn; Rebecca Nash; Enid Hunkeler; Richard Contreras; Lee Cromwell; Tracy A Becerra-Culqui; Darios Getahun; Shawn Giammattei; Timothy L Lash; Andrea Millman; Brandi Robinson; Douglas Roblin; Michael J Silverberg; Jennifer Slovis; Vin Tangpricha; Dennis Tolsma; Cadence Valentine; Kevin Ward; Savannah Winter; Michael Goodman Journal: BMJ Open Date: 2017-12-27 Impact factor: 2.692
Authors: Margaret To; Qi Zhang; Andrew Bradlyn; Darios Getahun; Shawn Giammattei; Rebecca Nash; Ashli A Owen-Smith; Douglas Roblin; Michael J Silverberg; Vin Tangpricha; Suma Vupputuri; Michael Goodman Journal: J Sex Med Date: 2020-08-15 Impact factor: 3.802
Authors: Lovro Markovic; Daragh T McDermott; Sinisa Stefanac; Radhika Seiler-Ramadas; Darina Iabloncsik; Lee Smith; Lin Yang; Kathrin Kirchheiner; Richard Crevenna; Igor Grabovac Journal: Int J Environ Res Public Health Date: 2021-06-27 Impact factor: 3.390