Jenny Tiberio1, Yovin Ivo Laurent2, Joel Ndayongeje3, Amani Msami4, Susie Welty5, Alois Ngonyani6, Syangu Mwankemwa7, Moza Makumbuli8, Willi McFarland9, Meghan D Morris10. 1. University of California, San Francisco (UCSF), 550 16th Street, San Francisco, CA 94158, United States. Electronic address: j.tiberio.ucsf@gmail.com. 2. Drug Control Commission, P.O. Box 80327, Dar Es Salaam, United Republic of Tanzania. Electronic address: yovinivo@yahoo.com. 3. University of California, San Francisco (UCSF), 550 16th Street, San Francisco, CA 94158, United States. Electronic address: j_ndayongeje@hotmail.com. 4. Drug Control Commission, P.O. Box 80327, Dar Es Salaam, United Republic of Tanzania. Electronic address: amsami@yahoo.com. 5. University of California, San Francisco (UCSF), 550 16th Street, San Francisco, CA 94158, United States. Electronic address: susie.welty@gmail.com. 6. Drug Control Commission, P.O. Box 80327, Dar Es Salaam, United Republic of Tanzania. Electronic address: ngonyanialois@gmail.com. 7. Drug Control Commission, P.O. Box 80327, Dar Es Salaam, United Republic of Tanzania. Electronic address: syangu@yahoo.com. 8. Drug Control Commission, P.O. Box 80327, Dar Es Salaam, United Republic of Tanzania. Electronic address: mozamakumbuli@yahoo.co.uk. 9. University of California, San Francisco (UCSF), 550 16th Street, San Francisco, CA 94158, United States. Electronic address: willi_mcfarland@hotmail.com. 10. University of California, San Francisco (UCSF), 550 16th Street, San Francisco, CA 94158, United States. Electronic address: meghan.morris@ucsf.edu.
Abstract
BACKGROUND: An increase in heroin seizures in East Africa may signal wider local consumption of illicit drugs. Most information about drug use in Tanzania is from the economic capital, Dar es Salaam, and well-travelled Zanzibar. More data are needed on the extent, trends, and characteristics of illicit drug use in the vast coast and interior of the country. METHODS: The study was a rapid assessment, triangulating data from in-depth interviews of primary key informants (people who use drugs [PWUD]), secondary informants (police, community members, service providers), and ethnographic mapping of hotspots in 12 regions of Tanzania. RESULTS: We conducted 436 in-depth interviews from September 2013 to August 2014. Regions were categorized as (1) nascent: drug use is beginning to take root; (2) established: drug use has existed for some time; or (3) pervasive: drug use is spreading into new sub-groups/areas. Multiple sources corroborated that illicit drug use has been increasing in all regions. Most PWUD worked in the cash economy as bus touts, labourers, fishermen, miners, or sex workers, or stole to survive or support their habit. PWUD congregated around bus stops along transit corridors, in abandoned buildings, and in low-income residential areas. Informants described less visible PWUD among military, police, and working-class people. Cannabis was the most common, smoked alone or with tobacco and heroin ("cocktail"). Heroin was available in all regions. Cocaine was less common, likely due to high price and variable availability. Substances such as petrol, shoe polish, and glue were used as inhalants. CONCLUSIONS: Illicit drug use is widespread with variable features beyond cosmopolitan areas of Tanzania. Improving transportation infrastructure and economic opportunities combined with poverty and inequality appear key factors for increasing use. Findings call attention to increasing and widening drug use in Tanzania and the need to plan prevention, treatment, and harm-reduction measures nationally.
BACKGROUND: An increase in heroin seizures in East Africa may signal wider local consumption of illicit drugs. Most information about drug use in Tanzania is from the economic capital, Dar es Salaam, and well-travelled Zanzibar. More data are needed on the extent, trends, and characteristics of illicit drug use in the vast coast and interior of the country. METHODS: The study was a rapid assessment, triangulating data from in-depth interviews of primary key informants (people who use drugs [PWUD]), secondary informants (police, community members, service providers), and ethnographic mapping of hotspots in 12 regions of Tanzania. RESULTS: We conducted 436 in-depth interviews from September 2013 to August 2014. Regions were categorized as (1) nascent: drug use is beginning to take root; (2) established: drug use has existed for some time; or (3) pervasive: drug use is spreading into new sub-groups/areas. Multiple sources corroborated that illicit drug use has been increasing in all regions. Most PWUD worked in the cash economy as bus touts, labourers, fishermen, miners, or sex workers, or stole to survive or support their habit. PWUD congregated around bus stops along transit corridors, in abandoned buildings, and in low-income residential areas. Informants described less visible PWUD among military, police, and working-class people. Cannabis was the most common, smoked alone or with tobacco and heroin ("cocktail"). Heroin was available in all regions. Cocaine was less common, likely due to high price and variable availability. Substances such as petrol, shoe polish, and glue were used as inhalants. CONCLUSIONS: Illicit drug use is widespread with variable features beyond cosmopolitan areas of Tanzania. Improving transportation infrastructure and economic opportunities combined with poverty and inequality appear key factors for increasing use. Findings call attention to increasing and widening drug use in Tanzania and the need to plan prevention, treatment, and harm-reduction measures nationally.
Authors: Griffin A Tyree; Nzwakie Mosery; Elizabeth F Closson; Zonke Mabude; Carol du Toit; David R Bangsberg; Steven A Safren; Kenneth H Mayer; Jennifer A Smit; Matthew J Mimiaga; David J Grelotti Journal: Int J Drug Policy Date: 2020-06-12