Philip Kam-Tao Li1, Jack Kit-Chung Ng1, Yuk Lun Cheng2, Tze Hoi Kwan3, Chi Bon Leung1, Miu Fong Lau1, Koon Shing Choi4, Samuel Ka-Shun Fung5, Yiu Wing Ho6, Siu Ka Mak7, Sydney Chi-Wai Tang8, Kin Shing Wong9, David Yong10, Sing Leung Lui11. 1. Carol and Richard Yu Peritoneal Dialysis Research Centre, Department of Medicine & Therapeutics, Prince of Wales Hospital, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, Hong Kong. 2. Department of Medicine, Alice Ho Miu Ling Nethersole Hospital, Hong Kong. 3. Department of Medicine and Geriatrics, Tuen Mun Hospital, Tuen Mun, Hong Kong. 4. Department of Medicine, Queen Elizabeth Hospital, Hong Kong. 5. Department of Medicine and Geriatrics, Princess Margaret Hospital, Hong Kong. 6. Department of Medicine, United Christian Hospital, Hong Kong. 7. Department of Medicine and Geriatrics, Kwong Wah Hospital, Hong Kong. 8. Department of Medicine, Queen Mary Hospital, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong. 9. Department of Medicine, Pamela Youde Nethersole Eastern Hospital, Hong Kong. 10. Department of Medicine, Caritas Medical Centre, Hong Kong. 11. Department of Medicine, Tung Wah Hospital, Hong Kong.
Abstract
AIM: Family members of patients with end-stage renal disease (ESRD) have higher risk for chronic kidney disease (CKD). Limited study has examined the risk of developing CKD in relatives of patients in earlier stages of CKD. METHODS: From January 2008 to June 2009, the Hong Kong Society of Nephrology studied first-degree relatives of stage 1-5 CKD patients from 11 local hospitals. A total of 844 relatives of 466 index CKD patients (stages 1-2: 29.6%; stage 3: 16.7%; stage 4: 10.9%; stage 5: 42.7%) were reviewed for various risk factors of CKD. We also defined a composite marker of kidney damage by the presence of one or more following features: (i) positive urine protein, (ii) spot urine protein-to-creatinine ratio ≥0.15 mg/mg, (iii) hypertension and (iv) estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) ≤60 mL/min per 1.73 m2 and determine its association with participant and index patient factors. RESULTS: Among these 844 relatives, 23.1%, 25.9% and 4.4% of them had proteinuria (urine protein ≥1+), haematuria (urine red blood cell ≥1+) and glycosuria (urine glucose ≥1+), respectively. Proteinuria (P = 0.10) or glycosuria (P = 0.43), however, was not associated with stages of CKD of index patients. Smoking participants had a significantly lower eGFR (102.7 vs. 107.1 mL/min per 1.73 m2 ) and a higher prevalence of proteinuria (33.6% vs. 21.4%). Multivariate analysis showed that older age, male gender, obesity, being parents of index patients and being the relatives of a female index patient were independently associated with a positive composite marker. CONCLUSION: First-degree relatives of all stages of CKD are at risk of developing CKD and deserve screening. Parents, the elderly, obese and male relatives were more likely to develop markers of kidney damage.
AIM: Family members of patients with end-stage renal disease (ESRD) have higher risk for chronic kidney disease (CKD). Limited study has examined the risk of developing CKD in relatives of patients in earlier stages of CKD. METHODS: From January 2008 to June 2009, the Hong Kong Society of Nephrology studied first-degree relatives of stage 1-5 CKD patients from 11 local hospitals. A total of 844 relatives of 466 index CKD patients (stages 1-2: 29.6%; stage 3: 16.7%; stage 4: 10.9%; stage 5: 42.7%) were reviewed for various risk factors of CKD. We also defined a composite marker of kidney damage by the presence of one or more following features: (i) positive urine protein, (ii) spot urine protein-to-creatinine ratio ≥0.15 mg/mg, (iii) hypertension and (iv) estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) ≤60 mL/min per 1.73 m2 and determine its association with participant and index patient factors. RESULTS: Among these 844 relatives, 23.1%, 25.9% and 4.4% of them had proteinuria (urine protein ≥1+), haematuria (urine red blood cell ≥1+) and glycosuria (urine glucose ≥1+), respectively. Proteinuria (P = 0.10) or glycosuria (P = 0.43), however, was not associated with stages of CKD of index patients. Smoking participants had a significantly lower eGFR (102.7 vs. 107.1 mL/min per 1.73 m2 ) and a higher prevalence of proteinuria (33.6% vs. 21.4%). Multivariate analysis showed that older age, male gender, obesity, being parents of index patients and being the relatives of a female index patient were independently associated with a positive composite marker. CONCLUSION: First-degree relatives of all stages of CKD are at risk of developing CKD and deserve screening. Parents, the elderly, obese and male relatives were more likely to develop markers of kidney damage.
Authors: Dulce M Macias Diaz; Myriam Del Carmen Corrales Aguirre; Ana Lilian Reza Escalera; Maria Teresa Tiscareño Gutiérrez; Itzel Ovalle Robles; Mariana Jocelyn Macías Guzmán; Andrea L García Díaz; Mauricio C Gutiérrez Peña; Andrea Natalia Alvarado-Nájera; Israel González Domínguez; Juan Carlos Villavicencio-Bautista; Angela Azucena Herrera Rodríguez; Ricardo Marín-García; Francisco Javier Avelar González; Alfredo Chew Wong; Elba Galván Guerra; Rodolfo Delgadillo Castañeda; Carlos Alberto Prado Aguilar; Leslie P Zúñiga-Macías; José Manuel Arreola Guerra Journal: Clin Kidney J Date: 2022-01-14