Proteomic Biomarkers of Heart Failure.

Heart failure (HF) is associated with significant morbidity and mortality. Biomarkers are used to assist clinicians with timely diagnosis, prognosis, and risk prediction of patients for personalized treatment. Using modern proteomic methods such as mass spectrometry, an increasing number of novel biomarkers have been identified that further aid clinicians in the early diagnosis and outcome prediction of HF. This article focuses on the array of common and novel protein-based biomarkers that provide diagnostic and prognostic information in HF.