Comparative analysis of high-sensitivity cardiac troponin I and T for their association with coronary computed tomography-assessed calcium scoring represented by the Agatston score.

BACKGROUND: This study evaluates the association between high-sensitivity cardiac troponin I (hs-cTnI) and T (hs-cTnT) and coronary calcium concentration (CAC) detected by coronary computed tomography (CCT) and evaluated with the Agatston score in patients with suspected coronary artery disease (CAD).
METHODS: Patients undergoing CCT during routine clinical care were enrolled prospectively. CCT was indicated for patients with a low to intermediate pretest probability for CAD. Within 24 h of CCT examination, peripheral blood samples were taken to measure cardiac biomarkers hs-cTnI and hs-cTnT.
RESULTS: A total of 76 patients were enrolled including 38% without detectable CAC, 36% with an Agatston score from 1 to 100, 17% from 101 to 400, and 9% with values ≥ 400. hs-cTnI was increasing alongside Agatston score and was able to differentiate between different groups of Agatston scores. Both hs-cTn discriminated values greater than 100 (hs-cTnI, AUC = 0.663; p = 0.032; hs-cTnT, AUC = 0.650; p = 0.048). In univariate and multivariate logistic regression models, hs-cTnT and hs-cTnI were significantly associated with increased Agatston scores. Patients with hs-cTnT ≥ 0.02 µg/l and hs-cTnI ≥ 5.5 ng/l were more likely to reveal values ≥ 400 (hs-cTnT; OR = 13.4; 95% CI 1.545-116.233; p = 0.019; hs-cTnI; OR = 8.8; 95% CI 1.183-65.475; p = 0.034).
CONCLUSION: The present study shows that the Agatston score was significantly correlated with hs cardiac troponins, both in univariable and multivariable linear regression models. Hs-cTnI is able to discriminate between different Agatston values. The present results might reveal potential cut-off values for hs cardiac troponins regarding different Agatston values. Trial registration Cardiovascular Imaging and Biomarker Analyses (CIBER), NCT03074253 https://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/record/NCT03074253.

Background

The development of atherosclerosis in coronary arteries requires a well-functioning diagnostic algorithm in clinical practice. With the development of high-sensitivity (hs) cardiac troponin assays, not only the diagnosis of symptomatic coronary artery disease (CAD) but also the detection of subclinical CAD is possible [1-3]. However, European guidelines yet do not recommend a general use of hs cardiac troponins as a risk marker [4].

Nevertheless, there are a number of patients with low to intermediate risk for CAD, who still develop significant lesions in the coronary system. One option in the diagnostic algorithm of patients with low to intermediate risk is the estimation of coronary artery calcium (CAC) by coronary computed tomography (CCT), which is capable of reclassifying patients with an intermediate risk for CAD [5, 6]. Furthermore, with their ability to detect calcium within the investigated tissue [7], CT scanners can quantify the amount of calcium within atherosclerotic lesions [8-10]. Being not present in normal vessel wall, calcifications of the coronary arteries are an indicator for manifest atherosclerosis [11, 12] and the amount of calcium is being known to represent plaque burden and is associated with the extension of atherosclerosis [13-17]. Moreover, CAC has been evaluated as a valuable risk predictor for adverse coronary events such as myocardial infarction and cardiac death in asymptomatic patients [18, 19] and is capable of predicting coronary events beyond other non-invasive tests and risk scores [5].

The Agatston score is the most commonly used and best evaluated score in clinical routine to objectivy CAC. Detrano et al. demonstrated in a multi-ethnic cohort of individuals without known CAD that the Agatston score is a strong predictor of incident coronary heart disease in a follow-up of 3.8 years [20]. Calcium scores under 100 are unlikely to be associated with severe stenosis on coronary angiography and represent a very low risk for obstructive CAD [21, 22]. Furthermore, a large prospective multiethnic study demonstrated that most coronary events such as myocardial infarction or death from CAD occurred in patients with an Agatston score greater than 100 [23].

Only few studies evaluated associations of hs-cTn and CAC screening. In a large Danish study cohort of clinical healthy subjects, an association of hs-cTnI and coronary calcium score was demonstrated [24]. Adding hs-cTnI to the Heart-Score led to a significant increase in discriminative C-statistics for predicting coronary artery calcification [24]. Regarding hs-cTnT, a close correlation of hs-cTnT and the Agatston score in patients without known CAD presenting with chest pain was demonstrated [25].

This study aims to evaluate whether there is an association between hs cardiac troponin I and T concentrations and CAC screening being assessed by CCT using the Agatston score in symptomatic patients with low to intermediate risk for CAD.

Methods

Study population and patient selection criteria

The “Cardiovascular Imaging and Biomarker Analyses” (CIBER) study (clinicaltrials.gov identifier: NCT03074253) represents a clinically prospective, controlled, and monocentric study conducted at the University Medical Center Mannheim (UMM), Germany. The research adhered to the principles outlined in the Declaration of Helsinki and was approved by the regional ethics commission II of the Faculty of Medicine Mannheim, University Heidelberg, Germany. Written informed consent was obtained from all patients.

For the present study, consecutive patients undergoing CCT during routine clinical care were included prospectively within the period from January 2015 to August 2015 at the University Medical Centre Mannheim (UMM), Germany. All patients were indicated for CCT due to a low to intermediate PTP of 15–50% presenting with typical or atypical angina pectoris. Exclusion criteria comprised patients with acute myocardial infarction, severe chronic kidney disease being defined as a glomerular filtration rate below 40 ml/min as well as patients with aortic valve stenosis.

Coronary computed tomography (CCT)

All patients were examined using 2 × 192 slice third-generation dual-source CT system (Force; Siemens Healthineers, Forchheim, Germany). All patients underwent a non-contrast-enhanced cardiac CT for the evaluation of coronary calcifications using the Agatston method. The CCT technique was chosen individually for each patient depending on heart rate and/or rhythm and body mass index, with the goal of minimizing radiation exposure while maximizing diagnostic image quality (mAS range 46–258 mAs). Image acquisition techniques included prospective electrocardiographic (ECG) triggering and prospectively ECG-triggered high-pitch spiral acquisitions. Tube voltage was selected using anatomic-based automated tube voltage selection with a range from 70 to 120 kV (Care kV, Siemens Healthineers, Forchheim, Germany) in combination with automated tube current modulation. In the absence of contraindications, patients received 0.4 mg of sublingual nitroglycerin before image acquisition. B-blockers (5–20-mg intravenous metoprolol tartrate) were used to lower heart rates to less than 65 beats/min in patients undergoing prospectively ECG-triggered high-pitch spiral acquisitions.

Non-contrast-enhanced calcium scoring studies were reconstructed at a section thickness of 3 mm using a dedicated algorithm (Qr36 Siemens Healthineers, Forchheim, Germany). The calcium score was calculated using dedicated software according to the Agatston method [10].

CCT data analysis

All CT studies were evaluated on a 3D workstation (Multimodality Workplace, Syngo Via Siemens Healthineers Forchheim, Germany) using standard MPR as well as centerline curved MPR. Observers were blinded for biomarker levels. In the first step, the number of plaques that could be identified on CT images in the correct location was recorded to assess the sensitivity of different atherosclerotic plaque types. Those plaques, which were found on CT, were further analyzed.

Calcium score calculation (Agatston method)

Plaque analysis was performed offline using dedicated software (Syngo VA21, Circulation Plaque Analysis; Siemens Healthineers). Window level and width were determined using a standard window-level setting. The study population was divided into four different groups—patients who did not show any sign coronary calcification (Agatston score = 0), patients with Agatston score from 1 to 100, patients with a score from 101 to 400, and patients with values greater than 400.

Blood sampling procedures and bio chemical analyses

Within 24 h before or after the CCT, peripheral venous blood samples were taken from each patient, collected in serum monovette® tubes, and centrifuged at 2500×g for 10 min at 20 °C. The aliquoted samples were cooled down with liquid nitrogen before being stored at − 80 °C until analysis. The whole processing took part within 2 h after blood extraction. After thawing, the samples were mixed gently by inverting and centrifuged at 2500×g for 10 min at 20 °C for cardiac troponin T and NT-proBNP (N-terminal pro-brain natriuretic peptide) analysis. Cardiac troponin T was measured with the cardiac troponin T hs STAT assay on a cobas e602 analyzer (Roche Diagnostics, Mannheim, Germany). The limit of blank (LoB) for this assay was 0.003 µg/l and the limit of detection (LoD) 0.005 µg/l as described in the instructions for use [26]. For TnI measurement, the samples were gently mixed by inverting after thawing and centrifuged for 30 min at 3000×g at 4 °C. Cardiac troponin I was measured with the STAT high-sensitivity cardiac troponin I assay on an Architect i1000 analyzer (Abbott, Wiesbaden, Germany) with a LoB of 0.7–1.3 ng/l and a LoD of 1.1–1.9 ng/l [27]. NT-proBNP was measured with the proBNP II STAT assay on a cobas e602 analyzer (Roche Diagnostics, Mannheim, Germany). The LoD for this assay was 5 ng/l [28]. Creatinine, cholesterol, LDLC, HDLC, triglycerides, and uric acid were measured on the cobas c702 analyzer (Roche Diagnostics Mannheim, Germany). All biomarkers were measured in patients’ serum.

Statistical analysis

Data were analyzed using the software IBM SPSS version 22.0. Categorical variables are expressed as absolute numbers and percentage, whereas continuous variables are shown as mean and range. All biomarkers are presented as the median and interquartile range or mean and standard deviation. For univariate correlations, we used the Spearman Rho test. To analyze the relation between CAC groups and biomarkers, the non-parametric Kruskal–Wallis test was used because the values did not show a normal distribution. To test the presence of a Gaussian distribution, the Kolmogorov–Smirnov test was applied. Receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curves with the area under the curves (AUC) were generated to associate hs-cTn and NT-proBNP with groups of patients with different CAC scores. Multivariate regression models were calculated with backward elimination (Forrest plot). The odds ratios for hs-cTn and cardiovascular risk factors were calculated by binomial logistic regression. All analyses were considered significant when p was < 0.05, a statistical trend corresponding to p < 0.1.

Results

Baseline characteristics

A total of 76 patients were included prospectively with their baseline characteristics being outlined in Table 1. Mean age was 58 years and gender was distributed evenly. About one sixth of patients suffered from diabetes mellitus (16%) and a forth had a known cardiac family history (26%). Nearly a third of study patients (30%) fell into the “adiposity” category, defined as BMI greater than 30 kg/m2. Arterial hypertension, hypercholesterolemia, and smoking were the most common risk factors. A minor part of patients suffered from atrial fibrillation.

Table 1

Baseline characteristics of patients undergoing CAC screening by coronary CT (n = 76)

Characteristics	Value
Age, mean (SD)	58.4 (11.36)
Gender, n (%)
Male	38 (50)
Female	38 (50)
Cardiovascular risk factors, n (%)
Arterial hypertension	39 (51)
Hypercholesterinemia	30 (40)
Cardiac family history	20 (26)
Smoking	24 (32)
Diabetes mellitus	12 (16)
Adiposity	23 (30)
Laboratory parameters, mean (SD)
Creatinine µmol/l	81.0 (58.9)
Total cholesterol, mmol/l	5.1 (0.95)
LDL cholesterol, mmol/l	3.4 (0.91)
HDL cholesterol, mmol/l	1.4 (0.43)
Triglyceride, mmol/l	1.6 (0.96)
Uric acid, µmol/l	299.9 (78.4)
Medical history, n (%)
Atrial fibrillation	6 (7.9)
Paroxysmal	4 (5.3)
Persistent	1 (1.3)
Permanent	1 (1.3)
COPD	3 (3.9)
Asthma	1 (1.3)
Cancer	15 (19.7)
Radiotherapy	2 (3)
Agatston score
0	29 (38)
1–100	27 (36)
101–400	13 (17)
> 400	7 (9)

COPD chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, SD standard deviation

38% revealed an Agatston score of 0, whereas 36% showed a score from 1 to 100, 17% from 101 to 400, and 9% had an Agatston score greater than 400. In the present cohort, measurable concentrations of hs-cTnI were present in all patients (100%) and of hs-cTnT in 72% (55/76) of the study patients.

Hs cardiac troponins increase alongside increasing Agatston score

As presented in Fig. 1, concentrations of hs-cTnI were increasing with increasing Agatston score and were able to differentiate significantly between the different groups of patients without calcification, patients with Agatston score from 0 to 100, and those with Agatston score greater than 100 (p = 0.029). The association of hs-cTnI and the groups of patients with Agatston values of 0, values less than 100, values from 100 to 400, and values greater than 400 showed a statistical trend toward significance (p = 0.065).

Fig. 1

Boxplots illustrating significantly increasing levels of hs-cTnI in the following groups: no CAC, Agatston score from 1 to 100, and Agatston values greater than 100

Accordingly, hs-cTnT revealed a numerical increase between the different groups of Agatston scoring, as demonstrated in Fig. 2.

Fig. 2

Boxplots illustrating the levels of hs-cTnT in the following groups: no CAC, Agatston score from 1 to 100, and Agatston values greater than 100

Cardiovascular risk factors and biomarkers according to Agatston categories

As outlined in Table 2, slight increases of hs-cTnI and hs-cTnT were already detectable in patients without measurable calcification (n = 29; hs-cTnI, median = 1.6 ng/l; IQR [1.0–2.2 ng/l]; hs-cTnT, median = 0.005 µg/l; IQR [0.0029–0.006 µg/l]). Highest hs-cTnI levels were found in patients with Agatston score greater than 400 (n = 7; hs-cTnI, median = 2,5 ng/l; IQR [1.2–7.4 ng/l]), followed by decreasing levels in patients with Agatston score between 101 and 400 (n = 13; hs-cTnI, median = 2.3 ng/l; IQR [1.8–3.7 ng/l]) and with Agatston score from 1 to 100 (n = 27; hs-cTnI, median = 1.9 ng/l; IQR [1.2–3.1 ng/l]). In contrast to hs-cTnI, hs-cTnT was not increasing according to increasing Agatston values.

Table 2

Troponin values according to the degree of Agatston score

	0	≥ 1–100	> 100–400	> 400
n	29	27	13	7
hs-cTnT, µg/l, median (IQR)	0.005 (0.0029–0.006)	0.004 (0.0029–0.006)	0.007 (0.003–0.012)	0.007 (0.0029–0.026)
hs-cTnI, ng/l, median (IQR)	1.6 (1.0–2.2)	1.9 (1.2–3.1)	2.3 (1.8–3.7)	2.5 (1.2–7.4)

IQR interquartile range, hs-cTnT high-sensitivity cardiac troponin T, hs-cTnI high-sensitivity cardiac troponin I

Regarding the different Agatston categories, the average age as well as the level of uric acid within the groups is increasing with according to increasing Agatston values. In contrast, LDL decreased according to increasing Agatston values. Patients with evidence of CAC assessed by CCT were more frequently male and smokers. Notably, the group of patients with Agatston values > 400 show suffered from arterial hypertension (86%) and revealed a cardiac family history (57%) compared to patients of the remaining groups. In contrast, none of patients with Agatston values above 400 suffered from diabetes. Accordingly, rate of diabetes was also low in patients without CAC (10%) and in patients with Agatston values from 1 to 100 (11%). However, in the group of Agatston values ranging from 101 to 400 nearly half of patients had diabetes as a preexisting condition.

Univariable and multivariable linear regression models evaluating the association with the Agatston score

As presented in Table 3, the Agatston score correlated significantly with both hs-cTnI and hs-cTnT as well as with patients’ age and uric acid (p < 0.05). No significant correlations were found between Agatston score and NT-proBNP.

Table 3

Univariable and multivariable associations on with logarithm of Agatston score

	Univariable		Multivariable hs-cTnT					Multivariable hs-cTnI
	r	p	B	Cl of B	β	t	p	B	Cl of B	β	t	p
hs-cTnT, μg/l	0.265	0.021	38,451	27,561–4934	1.348	7.046	0.0001	–	–	–	–	–
hs-cTnI, ng/l	0.246	0.032	–	–	–	–	–	50	24–68	1.643	4.644	0.0001
NT-proBNP, ng/l	0.975	0.004	0.008	0.195–0.212	0.016	0.083	0.934	0.127	0.074–0.328	0.244	1.259	0.213

hs-cTnT high-sensitivity cardiac troponin T, hs-cTnI high-sensitivity cardiac troponin I, NT-proBNP N-terminal pro-brain natriuretic peptide, CI confidence interval

p < 0.05 indicates statistical significance

Beyond these univariable associations, both hs-cTns were still significantly associated with the Agatston score after adjusting for all of these risk factors in multivariable linear regression models (Table 3). These models comprised thirteen clinical known risk factors for CAD, such as age, gender, creatinine, uric acid, cholesterol, LDLC, HDLC, BMI, triglycerides, arterial hypertension, cardiac family history, smoking, diabetes and NT-proBNP [hs-cTnT (β = 1.348; T = 7.046; p = 0.0001), and hs-cTnI (β = 1.643; T = 4.644; p = 0.0001)].

Both hs-cTn discriminate between Agatston score values greater than 100

As presented in Fig. 3a, b, hs-cTnI and hs-cTnT were able to discriminate Agatston score greater than 100 being assessed by CCT (hs-cTnI, AUC = 0.663; p = 0.032; hs-cTnT AUC = 0.650, p = 0.048). Combining hs-cTn plus NT-proBNP revealed no additional benefit (hs-cTnI + NT-proBNP; AUC = 0.536; p = 0.637; hs-cTnT + NT-proBNP, AUC = 0.590; p = 0.233). All other evaluated biomarkers such as NT-proBNP, uric acid, LDL, HDL, triglycerides, and creatinine did not show significant discrimination in C-statistics (data not shown).

Fig. 3

Receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curves demonstrating the capacity of hs-cTnI and hs-cTnT to discriminate significantly Agatston values greater than 100 (a, b)

Odds ratio for Agatston score > 100 and Agatston score > 400

Table 4 demonstrates that patients with hs-cTnT values of ≥ 0.007 µg/l were up to five times more likely to reveal Agatston scores of greater than 100 [n = 11, odds ratio (OR) = 5.0; 95% CI 1.664–15.025; p = 0.004]. Patients with hs-cTnT values of 0.02 µg/l or greater were more than 13 times more likely to reveal Agatston scores greater than 400 (n = 2, OR = 13.4; 95% CI 1.545–116.233; p = 0.019). Noteworthily, hs-cTnI levels ≥ 5.5 ng/l were associated with the presence of Agatston scores greater than 400 (n = 2, OR = 8.8; 95% CI 1.183–65.475; p = 0.034). However, a cut-off value of 4.0 ng/l for hs-cTnI did not predict patients with Agatston score greater than 100 (n = 5, OR = 3.4; 95% CI 0.867–13.337; p = 0.079).

Table 4

Logistic regression analysis for evaluating the ability of hs-cTn for the detection of increased Agatston scores

Agatston score > 100	Odds ratio	95% CI	p	Agatston score > 400	Odds ratio	95% CI	p
hs-cTnT (≥ 0.007 μg/l)	5.0	(1.664–15.025)	0.004	hs-cTnT (≥ 0.02 μg/l)	13.4	1.545–116.233	0.019
hs-cTnI (≥ 4.0 ng/l)	3.4	(0.867–13.337)	0.079	hs-cTnI (≥ 5.50 ng/l)	8.8	1.183–65.475	0.034

Italic values indicate statistically significant p values (p < 0.05)

CI confidence interval, hs-cTnT high-sensitivity cardiac troponin T, hs-cTNI high-sensitivity cardiac troponin I

Discussion

The present study evaluates the association between high-sensitivity cardiac troponins (hs-cTnI or hs-cTnT) and the Agatston score assessed by CCT in patients with a low to intermediate risk to suffer from CAD. It was demonstrated that hs-cTnI significantly and hs-cTnT numerically increased alongside increasing Agatston score (i.e., Agatston score = 0, Agatston score from 1 to 100, Agatston score from 101 to 400, and Agatston score of > 400). The Agatston score was significantly correlated with hs cardiac troponins, both in univariable and multivariable linear regression models, whereas established clinical, cardiovascular risk factors as well as known cardiovascular risk biomarkers did not reveal consistent associations with the Agatston score. Both hs-cTns were able to discriminate patients with the highest Agatston score of more than 100. Finally, increased hs cardiac troponin levels beyond a predefined cut-off value were able to predict the presence of an increased Agatston score (i.e., greater than 100 and greater than 400).

Cardiac troponins are released specifically from the myocardium due to cardiac injury during ischemic conditions. Assuming that Agatston scores are increasing with the amount of atherosclerotic burden [13-15], the increasing levels of hs-cTnI, as ascertained in the present study, might be explained due to rising probability of ischemia coming along with increasing severity of CAD. The potential ability of hs-cTnI to discriminate between the different CAC values, might allow to differentiate between patients at high risk and patients with no need for further diagnostic assessment [29]. These present findings are in accordance with a study by Olson et al. showing an association between hs-cTnI and coronary calcium score in a Danish study cohort of 1173 clinically healthy subjects [24]. It was demonstrated that hs-cTnI was able to predict Agatston values greater than 100 and showed that adding hs-cTnI to the Heart-Score led to a significant increase in C-statistics for predicting coronary artery calcification. In another large and prospective Multi-Ethnic Study of Atherosclerosis (MESA) cohort including patients free of known CAD at baseline, most coronary heart events such as myocardial infarction or death from CAD occurred in patients with an Agatston score greater than 100 [23]. Hence, the differentiation of patients with an Agatston score > 100 is important for risk stratification of coronary heart disease in asymptomatic patients. Taking the result from the C-statistics of the present study into account, hs-cTnI as well as hs-cTnT might have the potential to identify patients with Agatston score greater than 100. Whether the Agatston score might reliably detect asymptomatic patients with higher risk for adverse coronary events in the clinical setting remains unclear due to the fact that this study was performed on symptomatic patients. The lack of an additional benefit by NT-proBNP might be triggered by the study design and its smaller sample size. Former studies with a larger cohort demonstrated an association of NT-proBNP with the extent of CAC values [30, 31].

In addition to the results presented by Olson et al., the present study shows that hs-cTnI was able to discriminate Agatston values greater than 100 in C-statistics as a stand-alone biomarker. Patients with hs-cTnI values > 5.5 ng/l were up to eight times more likely to reveal an Agatston score of greater than 400. High calcium scores are being known to be associated with a high plaque burden and more advanced stages of atherosclerosis [15, 32, 33]. Therefore, it may be assumed that hs-cTnI values greater than 5.5 ng/l might reflect patients with a high plaque burden and more severe coronary artery stenoses. However, taking the data from the present study, it was not feasible to give a proper cut-off value that might predict a significant likelihood for an Agatston score greater than 100. Additionally, with only two patients having hs-cTnI values greater than 5.5 ng/l, the clinical impact and reliability of this finding need to be approved by further larger studies.

In contrast to the results presented by Korosoglu et al., showing a close correlation between hs-cTnT and the Agatston score in patients without known CAD and presenting with chest pain, the present study could not reveal a significant correlation between hs-cTnT and the Agatston score [25]. However, hs-cTnT was able to discriminate Agatston values greater than 100. Furthermore, using cut-off values for hs-cTnT of greater than 0.007 µg/l and greater than 0.02 µg/l, revealed a fivefold higher likelihood for an Agatston score greater than 100 and a 13-fold higher likelihood for an Agatston score greater than 400, respectively. With solely two patients revealing hs-cTnT values greater than 0.02 µg/l, these findings have limited impact. However, these results might indicate a proper cut-off value which should be further investigated in larger studies due to the fact that calcium scores greater than 400 are known to indicate CAD at an extensive stage and therefore imply invasive coronary angiography as the next diagnostic step [34]. However, the C-statistics regarding hs-cTnT and the discrimination of Agatston values greater than 400 in the present study did not show statistical significance, which might be the consequence of the small sample size. In a cross-sectional study including 215 Japanese men and women, Kitagawa et al. could also demonstrate that the serum concentration of hs-cTnT was associated with an increased odds ratio for an Agatston score > 100 and an Agatston score > 400 [35]. In contrast to the present study, Kitagawa et al. showed that hs-cTnT was able to discriminate Agatston values greater than 400.

Conclusions

In conclusion, the results of the present study are in line with further studies, showing that hs-cTnI is increasing alongside with increasing Agatston score and is able to differentiate between different Agatston values and might therefore become a potentially useful biomarker in detecting patients with subclinical CAD. With the present study being performed in a symptomatic cohort, it cannot be assumed that these results can be transformed on asymptomatic patients. The data as well show that hs-cTnI might be capable of indicating the amount of calcium within coronary arteries. Regarding the likelihood of a high atherosclerotic plaque burden represented by Agatston score > 400, the present study might deliver a potential cut-off value for hs-cTnI (hs-cTnI > 5.5 ng/l). These findings should be reevaluated in larger prospective studies due to the small sample size of the current study. Furthermore, hs-cTnI as well as hs-cTnT were significantly associated with Agatston score in multivariable regression models. The C-statistics showed that hs-cTnI and hs-cTnT were both able to significantly discriminate Agatston values greater than 100. Of note, the present study could as well deliver potential cut-off values for hs-cTnT, which should be confirmed in further studies. However, hs-cTnT was not significantly differentiate between different CAC values.

Study limitations

First, the present study is limited by its small sample size, thereby restricting propositions for the general population. To confirm the present findings, the study should be repeated prospectively including a larger sample size. Second, the study population, mostly consisting of Caucasian individuals, does not reflect a multiethnic cohort. Therefore, the results cannot be transferred to other ethnic groups or the general population. Furthermore, the present study shows lack of clinical outcome data. Taking this into account, the prognostic merit of increased cardiac troponin values within this study remains unclear. To solve this matter, longitudinal studies are needed to prove whether the selected cut-off values of hs cardiac troponin and the estimated Agatston scores might reveal an increase in risk prediction. However, regarding the study design with the inclusion of solely symptomatic patients risk prediction towards patients without any symptoms are not allowed. Furthermore, Agatston score is only validated for 120 kV. With regard to the kV range of the present study, the CAC might be less reliable.