Kristine M Erlandson1, Jordan E Lake2, Myung Sim3, Julian Falutz4, Carla M Prado5, Ana Rita Domingues da Silva6, Todd T Brown7, Giovanni Guaraldi8. 1. Division of Infectious Diseases and Geriatric Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Colorado, Aurora, CO. 2. Division of Infectious Diseases, University of Texas Health Sciences Center, Houston, TX. 3. Department of Medicine, Statistics Core, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA. 4. Division of Geriatrics, McGill University, Montreal, Canada. 5. Department of Agricultural, Food, and Nutritional Sciences, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Canada. 6. Department of Infectious Diseases, Hospital Beatriz Ângelo, Loures, Portugal. 7. Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes, and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD. 8. Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Modena, Italy.
Abstract
BACKGROUND: Initial declines in bone mineral density (BMD) after antiretroviral therapy initiation in HIV are well described, but data on long-term changes and risk factors for decline, particularly among women, are limited. METHODS: HIV-infected men and women in the Modena Metabolic Clinic underwent dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry (DXA) scans every 6-12 months for up to 10 years (median 4.6 years). Mixed effect regression models in combined and sex-stratified models determined annual rates of decline and clinical factors associated with BMD. Models included demographics, HIV-specific factors, and bone-specific factors; a final model added a sex × time interaction term. RESULTS: A total of 839 women and 1759 men contributed ≥2 DXA scans. The majority (82%) were 50 years and younger; 76% had HIV-1 RNA <50 copies per milliliter at baseline; 15% of women were postmenopausal and 7% of men had hypogonadism; and 30% and 27%, respectively, had hepatitis C virus (HCV) coinfection. The adjusted slopes in BMD among women and men were significantly different at both the femoral neck (women -0.00897 versus men -0.00422 g/cm per year; P < 0.001) and L-spine (women -0.0127 versus men -0.00763 g/cm per year; P < 0.001). Modifiable risks associated with BMD decline included antiretroviral therapy exposure (greater decline with tenofovir disoproxil fumarate and less decline with integrase strand transfer inhibitor therapy), HCV, physical activity, and vitamin D insufficiency. CONCLUSIONS: Among HIV-infected individuals, bone density at the femoral neck, a significant predictor of fracture risk, declined twice as quickly among women compared with men. Female sex was independently associated with both lower femoral neck and lumbar BMD over time in adjusted models.
BACKGROUND: Initial declines in bone mineral density (BMD) after antiretroviral therapy initiation in HIV are well described, but data on long-term changes and risk factors for decline, particularly among women, are limited. METHODS:HIV-infectedmen and women in the Modena Metabolic Clinic underwent dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry (DXA) scans every 6-12 months for up to 10 years (median 4.6 years). Mixed effect regression models in combined and sex-stratified models determined annual rates of decline and clinical factors associated with BMD. Models included demographics, HIV-specific factors, and bone-specific factors; a final model added a sex × time interaction term. RESULTS: A total of 839 women and 1759 men contributed ≥2 DXA scans. The majority (82%) were 50 years and younger; 76% had HIV-1 RNA <50 copies per milliliter at baseline; 15% of women were postmenopausal and 7% of men had hypogonadism; and 30% and 27%, respectively, had hepatitis C virus (HCV) coinfection. The adjusted slopes in BMD among women and men were significantly different at both the femoral neck (women -0.00897 versus men -0.00422 g/cm per year; P < 0.001) and L-spine (women -0.0127 versus men -0.00763 g/cm per year; P < 0.001). Modifiable risks associated with BMD decline included antiretroviral therapy exposure (greater decline with tenofovir disoproxil fumarate and less decline with integrase strand transfer inhibitor therapy), HCV, physical activity, and vitamin Dinsufficiency. CONCLUSIONS: Among HIV-infected individuals, bone density at the femoral neck, a significant predictor of fracture risk, declined twice as quickly among women compared with men. Female sex was independently associated with both lower femoral neck and lumbar BMD over time in adjusted models.
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