Marc N Jarczok1, Julian Koenig2, Carol A Shively3, Julian F Thayer4. 1. Clinic for Psychosomatic Medicine and Psychotherapy, University Hospital Ulm, Ulm, Germany. Electronic address: marc.jarczok@uniklinik-ulm.de. 2. Section for Translational Psychobiology in Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Center for Psychosocial Medicine, Heidelberg University, Heidelberg, Germany; Department of Psychology, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA; University Hospital of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland. 3. Department of Pathology, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Medical Center Boulevard, Winston-Salem, USA. 4. Department of Psychology, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA.
Abstract
INTRODUCTION: Depressive symptoms (DS) in humans are associated with decreased resting state vagal activity, but sex seems to moderate this association. Recently, in human females DS have been associated with greater or similar cardiac vagal activity compared to men in both, clinical and non-clinical samples. A previously validated animal model of behavioral depression was used in the present study to investigate the association of DS and cardiac vagal activity in non-human primates. METHODS: The root mean square of successive differences between adjacent heart beats (RMSSD) was used as an indicator of vagally-mediated heart rate variability in 24h heart rate recordings collected via telemetry in 42 adult female cynomolgus monkeys (Macaca fascicularis). Hierarchical regression models were used to estimate differences in RMSSD comparing monkeys with and without DS. To capture circadian variation patterns of RMSSD, additional quadratic, cubic and quartic terms of hour were added. RESULTS: Monkeys showing behavioral DS had higher overall 24-h RMSSD. The interaction term of daytime with DS and polynomials of hour contributed significantly to the variance across models. CONCLUSIONS: This is the first study investigating the association of DS and 24h cardiac vagal control in female non-human primates. Results replicate existing human studies showing higher cardiac vagal control in behavioral depressed vs. non-depressed female monkeys.
INTRODUCTION:Depressive symptoms (DS) in humans are associated with decreased resting state vagal activity, but sex seems to moderate this association. Recently, in human females DS have been associated with greater or similar cardiac vagal activity compared to men in both, clinical and non-clinical samples. A previously validated animal model of behavioral depression was used in the present study to investigate the association of DS and cardiac vagal activity in non-human primates. METHODS: The root mean square of successive differences between adjacent heart beats (RMSSD) was used as an indicator of vagally-mediated heart rate variability in 24h heart rate recordings collected via telemetry in 42 adult female cynomolgus monkeys (Macaca fascicularis). Hierarchical regression models were used to estimate differences in RMSSD comparing monkeys with and without DS. To capture circadian variation patterns of RMSSD, additional quadratic, cubic and quartic terms of hour were added. RESULTS: Monkeys showing behavioral DS had higher overall 24-h RMSSD. The interaction term of daytime with DS and polynomials of hour contributed significantly to the variance across models. CONCLUSIONS: This is the first study investigating the association of DS and 24h cardiac vagal control in female non-human primates. Results replicate existing human studies showing higher cardiac vagal control in behavioral depressed vs. non-depressed female monkeys.
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