Primary and Acquired Resistance to Immune Checkpoint Inhibitors in Metastatic Melanoma.

Immune checkpoint inhibitors have revolutionized the treatment of patients with advanced-stage metastatic melanoma, as well as patients with many other solid cancers, yielding long-lasting responses and improved survival. However, a subset of patients who initially respond to immunotherapy, later relapse and develop therapy resistance (termed "acquired resistance"), whereas others do not respond at all (termed "primary resistance"). Primary and acquired resistance are key clinical barriers to further improving outcomes of patients with metastatic melanoma, and the known mechanisms underlying each involves various components of the cancer immune cycle, and interactions between multiple signaling molecules and pathways. Due to this complexity, current knowledge on resistance mechanisms is still incomplete. Overcoming therapy resistance requires a thorough understanding of the mechanisms underlying immune evasion by tumors. In this review, we explore the mechanisms of primary and acquired resistance to immunotherapy in melanoma and detail potential therapeutic strategies to prevent and overcome them. Clin Cancer Res; 24(6); 1260-70. ©2017 AACR. ©2017 American Association for Cancer Research.