Xiaohong Wang1, George Huyang1, Sri Vikram Palagummi2, Xiaohui Liu1, Drago Skrtic1, Carlos Beauchamp3, Rafael Bowen1, Jirun Sun4. 1. Dr. Anthony Volpe Research Center, American Dental Association Foundation, Gaithersburg, MD 20899, USA. 2. Biomaterials Group, Biosystems and Biomaterials Division, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, MD 20899, USA. 3. Materials Science and Engineering Division, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, MD 20899, USA. 4. Dr. Anthony Volpe Research Center, American Dental Association Foundation, Gaithersburg, MD 20899, USA. Electronic address: jsun@nist.gov.
Abstract
OBJECTIVE: The objectives of this project were to: 1) develop strong and durable dental resin composites by employing new monomers that are hydrolytically stable, and 2) demonstrate that resin composites based on these monomers perform superiorly to the traditional bisphenol A glycidyl dimethacrylate/triethylene glycol dimethacrylate (Bis-GMA/TEGDMA) composites under testing conditions relevant to clinical applications. METHODS: New resins comprising hydrolytically stable, ether-based monomer, i.e., triethylene glycol divinylbenzyl ether (TEG-DVBE), and urethane dimethacrylate (UDMA) were produced via composition-controlled photo-polymerization. Their composites contained 67.5wt% of micro and 7.5wt% of nano-sized filler. The performances of both copolymers and composites were evaluated by a battery of clinically-relevant assessments: degree of vinyl conversion (DC: FTIR and NIR spectroscopy); refractive index (n: optical microscopy); elastic modulus (E), flexural strength (F) and fracture toughness (KIC) (universal mechanical testing); Knoop hardness (HK; indentation); water sorption (Wsp) and solubility (Wsu) (gravimetry); polymerization shrinkage (Sv; mercury dilatometry) and polymerization stress (tensometer). The experimental UDMA/TEG-DVBE composites were compared with the Bis-GMA/TEGDMA composites containing the identical filler contents, and with the commercial micro hybrid flowable composite. RESULTS: UDMA/TEG-DBVE composites exhibited n, E, Wsp, Wsu and Sv equivalent to the controls. They outperformed the controls with respect to F (up to 26.8% increase), KIC (up to 27.7% increase), modulus recovery upon water sorption (full recovery vs. 91.9% recovery), and stress formation (up to 52.7% reduction). In addition, new composites showed up to 27.7% increase in attainable DC compared to the traditional composites. Bis-GMA/TEGDMA controls exceeded the experimental composites with respect to only one property, the composite hardness. Significantly, up to 18.1% lower HK values in the experimental series (0.458GPa) were still above the clinically required threshold of approx. 0.4GPa. SIGNIFICANCE: Hydrolytic stability, composition-controlled polymerization and the overall enhancement in clinically-relevant properties of the new resin composites make them viable candidates to replace traditional resin composites as a new generation of strong and durable dental restoratives.
OBJECTIVE: The objectives of this project were to: 1) develop strong and durable dental resin composites by employing new monomers that are hydrolytically stable, and 2) demonstrate that resin composites based on these monomers perform superiorly to the traditional bisphenol Aglycidyl dimethacrylate/triethylene glycol dimethacrylate (Bis-GMA/TEGDMA) composites under testing conditions relevant to clinical applications. METHODS: New resins comprising hydrolytically stable, ether-based monomer, i.e., triethylene glycol divinylbenzyl ether (TEG-DVBE), and urethane dimethacrylate (UDMA) were produced via composition-controlled photo-polymerization. Their composites contained 67.5wt% of micro and 7.5wt% of nano-sized filler. The performances of both copolymers and composites were evaluated by a battery of clinically-relevant assessments: degree of vinyl conversion (DC: FTIR and NIR spectroscopy); refractive index (n: optical microscopy); elastic modulus (E), flexural strength (F) and fracture toughness (KIC) (universal mechanical testing); Knoop hardness (HK; indentation); water sorption (Wsp) and solubility (Wsu) (gravimetry); polymerization shrinkage (Sv; mercury dilatometry) and polymerization stress (tensometer). The experimental UDMA/TEG-DVBE composites were compared with the Bis-GMA/TEGDMA composites containing the identical filler contents, and with the commercial micro hybrid flowable composite. RESULTS:UDMA/TEG-DBVE composites exhibited n, E, Wsp, Wsu and Sv equivalent to the controls. They outperformed the controls with respect to F (up to 26.8% increase), KIC (up to 27.7% increase), modulus recovery upon water sorption (full recovery vs. 91.9% recovery), and stress formation (up to 52.7% reduction). In addition, new composites showed up to 27.7% increase in attainable DC compared to the traditional composites. Bis-GMA/TEGDMA controls exceeded the experimental composites with respect to only one property, the composite hardness. Significantly, up to 18.1% lower HK values in the experimental series (0.458GPa) were still above the clinically required threshold of approx. 0.4GPa. SIGNIFICANCE: Hydrolytic stability, composition-controlled polymerization and the overall enhancement in clinically-relevant properties of the new resin composites make them viable candidates to replace traditional resin composites as a new generation of strong and durable dental restoratives.
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