Cysteine-rich variant surface proteins of Giardia lamblia.

Surface antigenic variation was previously demonstrated in vitro and in vivo using Giardia lamblia isolate WB. To determine whether other isolates undergo similar changes, isolates GS and N were cloned and exposed to cytotoxic anti-isolate sera or monoclonal antibodies (MAbs) specific to particular surface antigen. The surviving Giardia (progeny) and clones showed different surface antigens as judged by resistance to cytotoxicity, loss of antigens determined by surface radiolabeling, and failure of MAbs to recognize epitopes by immunoprecipitation. The major varying surface antigens incorporate large amounts of [35S]cysteine compared to [35S]methionine. Surface antigenic variation occurs commonly in Giardia isolates, and the major surface antigens appear to comprise a family of cysteine-rich proteins.