Alexander Vargas-Hernández1, Emily M Mace1, Ofer Zimmerman2, Christa S Zerbe3, Alexandra F Freeman3, Sergio Rosenzweig3, Jennifer W Leiding4, Troy Torgerson5, Matthew C Altman5, Edith Schussler6, Charlotte Cunningham-Rundles6, Ivan K Chinn1, Alexandre F Carisey1, Imelda C Hanson7, Nicholas L Rider1, Steven M Holland3, Jordan S Orange1, Lisa R Forbes8. 1. Department of Pediatrics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Tex; Texas Children's Hospital, Center for Human Immunobiology, Department of Allergy, Immunology and Rheumatology, Houston, Tex. 2. National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, Bethesda, Md. 3. National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, Bethesda, Md; Clinical Center, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Md. 4. Division of Allergy and Immunology, Department of Pediatrics, University of South Florida at Johns Hopkins-All Children's Hospital, St Petersburg, Fla. 5. Center for Allergy and Inflammation, University of Washington, Seattle, Wash. 6. Division of Allergy and Immunology, Immunology Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY; Department of Medicine and Pediatrics, Immunology Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY. 7. Department of Pediatrics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Tex. 8. Department of Pediatrics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Tex; Texas Children's Hospital, Center for Human Immunobiology, Department of Allergy, Immunology and Rheumatology, Houston, Tex. Electronic address: lisa.forbes@bcm.edu.
Abstract
BACKGROUND: Natural killer (NK) cells are critical innate effector cells whose development is dependent on the Janus kinase-signal transducer and activator of transcription (STAT) pathway. NK cell deficiency can result in severe or refractory viral infections. Patients with STAT1 gain-of-function (GOF) mutations have increased viral susceptibility. OBJECTIVE: We sought to investigate NK cell function in patients with STAT1 GOF mutations. METHODS: NK cell phenotype and function were determined in 16 patients with STAT1 GOF mutations. NK cell lines expressing patients' mutations were generated with clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats (CRISPR-Cas9)-mediated gene editing. NK cells from patients with STAT1 GOF mutations were treated in vitro with ruxolitinib. RESULTS: Peripheral blood NK cells from patients with STAT1 GOF mutations had impaired terminal maturation. Specifically, patients with STAT1 GOF mutations have immature CD56dim NK cells with decreased expression of CD16, perforin, CD57, and impaired cytolytic function. STAT1 phosphorylation was increased, but STAT5 was aberrantly phosphorylated in response to IL-2 stimulation. Upstream inhibition of STAT1 signaling with the small-molecule Janus kinase 1/2 inhibitor ruxolitinib in vitro and in vivo restored perforin expression in CD56dim NK cells and partially restored NK cell cytotoxic function. CONCLUSIONS: Properly regulated STAT1 signaling is critical for NK cell maturation and function. Modulation of increased STAT1 phosphorylation with ruxolitinib is an important option for therapeutic intervention in patients with STAT1 GOF mutations.
BACKGROUND: Natural killer (NK) cells are critical innate effector cells whose development is dependent on the Janus kinase-signal transducer and activator of transcription (STAT) pathway. NK cell deficiency can result in severe or refractory viral infections. Patients with STAT1 gain-of-function (GOF) mutations have increased viral susceptibility. OBJECTIVE: We sought to investigate NK cell function in patients with STAT1 GOF mutations. METHODS: NK cell phenotype and function were determined in 16 patients with STAT1 GOF mutations. NK cell lines expressing patients' mutations were generated with clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats (CRISPR-Cas9)-mediated gene editing. NK cells from patients with STAT1 GOF mutations were treated in vitro with ruxolitinib. RESULTS: Peripheral blood NK cells from patients with STAT1 GOF mutations had impaired terminal maturation. Specifically, patients with STAT1 GOF mutations have immature CD56dim NK cells with decreased expression of CD16, perforin, CD57, and impaired cytolytic function. STAT1 phosphorylation was increased, but STAT5 was aberrantly phosphorylated in response to IL-2 stimulation. Upstream inhibition of STAT1 signaling with the small-molecule Janus kinase 1/2 inhibitor ruxolitinib in vitro and in vivo restored perforin expression in CD56dim NK cells and partially restored NK cell cytotoxic function. CONCLUSIONS: Properly regulated STAT1 signaling is critical for NK cell maturation and function. Modulation of increased STAT1 phosphorylation with ruxolitinib is an important option for therapeutic intervention in patients with STAT1 GOF mutations.
Keywords:
Janus kinase inhibition; Signal transducer and activator of transcription 1, gain of function; natural killer cell deficiency; natural killer cell maturation; perforin; ruxolitinib
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