Relationship of polymorphisms and haplotype in interleukin-16 and adiponectin gene with late-onset Alzheimer's disease risk.

AIMS: To investigate the impact of Interleukin-16 (IL- 16) and Adiponectin (ANP) gene single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs), gene- gene interactions and haplotype on late-onset Alzheimer's disease (LOAD) risk.
METHODS: Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium (HWE), haplotype and pairwise linkage disequilibrium (LD) analysis were investigated by using SNPstats (available online at http://bioinfo.iconcologia.net/SNPstats). Generalized multifactor dimensionality reduction (GMDR) was used to examine interaction among 4 SNPs, odds ratio (OR) and 95% confident interval (95%CI) were calculated by logistic regression model.
RESULTS: LOAD risk was significantly higher in carriers of rs266729- G allele than those with CC genotype (CG+ GG versus CC), OR (95%CI) =1.61 (1.26-1.96), and higher in carriers of rs1501299- T allele, OR (95%CI) = 1.62 (1.32-2.12), lower in carriers of rs4072111- T allele, adjusted OR (95%CI) =0.65 (0.44-0.93). We also found a significant gene- gene interaction between rs266729 and rs4072111. Participants with CG or GG of rs266729 and CC of rs4072111 genotype have the highest LOAD risk, OR (95%CI) = 2.62 (1.64 -3.58). Haplotype containing the rs266729- G and rs1501299- T alleles were associated with increased LOAD risk, OR (95%CI)= 1.83 (1.32- 2.43), and haplotype containing the rs1131445- C and rs4072111- T alleles were associated with decreased LOAD risk, OR (95%CI)= 0.53 (0.18- 0.95).
CONCLUSIONS: We concluded that rs266729 and rs1501299 minor alleles were associated with increased LOAD risk, but rs4072111 minor allele was associated with decreased LOAD risk. We also found that interaction involving rs266729 and rs4072111, and haplotype combinations were associated with LOAD risk.

INTRODUCTION

Alzheimer’s disease (AD) was a kind of diseases occurred in middle and old age [1], and was associated with some neurological symptoms and cognitive problems, including memory impairment, leading by neurodegeneration or synapse loss leading to and other cognitive problems [2]. Currently, there were a total of 6 million AD patients in China [3]. Clinically, late-onset AD (LOAD) is more common type of AD and the heritability for susceptibility to LOAD was predicted nearly 80% [4]. The etiology and pathogenesis for LOAD were still not clear, and study indicated that LOAD was influenced by interactions between genetic factors and environmental factors [5, 6]. So it is necessary to find and validate biomarkers for AD prevention, especially for LOAD.

Inflammation plays a main role in AD pathogenesis, and the inflammation irritants including damaged tissues and β-amyloid plaque [7]. Interleukin-16 (IL-16) is one type of gene, encoded pro- inflammatory cytokines [8]. Studies [9] indicated that IL-16 levels increased in AD patients, confirming that IL-16 may play an important role in the progression of AD [9]. The human IL-16 gene could encode pleiotropic cytokine, which was a modulator of T cell activation [10]. However, to date, just two previous studies [11- 12] were conducted on the association between IL-16 gene single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) and AD risk, but just one study focused on the correlation of rs4072111, rs1131445 polymorphisms and LOAD risk [11]. There was growing evidence demonstrating the association of adiponectin (ANP) gene SNPs with circulating adiponectin levels. rs266729and rs1501299 were two common SNPs. Some studies [13, 14] have reported the association between ANP gene polymorphisms and some metabolic diseases, such as insulin resistance and type 2 diabetes, but just one study [15] have focused on the association between ANP gene polymorphisms and LOAD.

In consideration of the limited number of study on association between ANP and IL- 16 gene and LOAD, in this study, we aimed to investigate the impact of ANP and IL- 16 gene SNPs, additional gene- gene interaction and haplotype combination on LOAD risk.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

Participants

This is a case-control study. Participants are consecutively recruited between January 2009 and November 2014 from the Second Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University. Clinical diagnosis of probable AD was made according to the revised criteria of National Institute of Neurological and Communicative Disorders and Stroke/ Alzheimer’s Disease and Related Disorders Association (NINCDS/ ADRDA) [16], participants with advanced, severe, progressive, or unstable infectious, metabolic, immunologic, endocrinological, hepatic, hematological, pulmonary, cardiovascular, gastrointestinal, and/or urological diseases are excluded (Figure 1). At last, a total of 430 LOAD patients are included in the study, controls are those who are free of AD and matched by sex, age and ethnic background, and control participants with family history of AD are excluded. The selection and exclusion details could be found in our previous study [17].

Figure 1

A flowchart on study population selection and exclusion

Data collection

Data on demographic information, mini-mental state examination (MMSE), educational year, lifestyle risk factors, smoking and drinking status, prevalence of stroke, prevalence of diabetes and family history of AD for all participants are obtained using a questionnaire administered by trained staffs. Body weight, height and waist circumference (WC) are measured, and body mass index (BMI) are calculated. Blood samples are collected in the morning after at least 8 hours of fasting. All plasma and serum samples are frozen at -80°C until laboratory testing. Plasma glucose is measured using an oxidase enzymatic method. The concentrations of HDL cholesterol and triglycerides are assessed enzymatically using an automatic biochemistry analyzer (Hitachi Inc., Tokyo, Japan) and commercial reagents. Plasma ANP concentration was measured using Adiponectin ELISA kit (Shanghai Huzhen Biological Technology Co., Ltd. China).

Genomic DNA extraction and genotyping

SNPs within the ANP and IL-16 gene are selected according to the following methods: 1) SNPs, which have been reported associations with AD and were not been well studied; 2) SNPs, the minor allele frequency (MAF) of which were more than 5%. At last, two SNPs of ANP gene and two SNPs of IL- 16 gene are selected for genotyping in the study: rs266729, rs4072111, rs1501299 and rs1131445. Genomic DNA is extracted from EDTA-treated whole blood, using the DNA Blood Mini Kit (Qiagen, Hilden, Germany) according to the manufacturer’s instructions. Genotyping of these SNPs were performed using polymerase chain reaction and restriction fragment length polymorphism (PCR-RFLP) analysis. PCR primer sequences for each polymorphism are shown in Table 1. The PCR reactions were carried out in a final volume of 25 μl containing: 10 × PCR buffer, 4.5 mMMgCl2 (Roche, Germany), 0.4 mM of each dNTP (Fermentas, Germany), 10 pmol of each primer, 30 ng template DNA, 1 U Taq DNA polymerase (Roche, Germany) and sterile distilled water up to 25 μl. Amplification conditions started with an initial denaturation step of 5 min at 94 °C, followed by 35 cycles of 40 s denaturation (94 °C), 30 s annealing (56 °C) and 40 s extension (72 °C), ended by a final extension for 5min (72 °C).

Table 1

Description and primer sequences for 4 SNPs used for PCR analysis

SNP ID	Chromosome	Functional Consequence	Major/ minor alleles	Probe sequence
ANP gene
rs266729	3:186841685	Upstream variant 2KB	C/ G	Forward: 5′- ACTTGCCCTGCCTCTGTCTG-3′Reverse: 5′-CCTGGAGAACTGGAAGCTG-3′
rs1501299	3:186853334	Intron variant	G/ T	Forward: 5′- GGCTCAGGATGCTGTTGCTG-3′Reverse: 5′-AGGGATGAGGGTGAAGATGGGA-3′
IL- 16 gene
rs1131445	15:81309441	Downstream variant 500B, utr variant 3 prime	T/ C	Forward: 5′-GAGATCATTCACTCATACATCTGG-3′Reverse: 5′-TCATATACACGCTGGTTCCTTCTG-3′
rs4072111	15:81285798	Missense, nc transcript variant	C/ T	Forward: 5′-CACTGTGATCCCGGTCCAGTC-3′Reverse: 5′-TTCAGGTACAAACCCAGCCAGC-3′

Statistical analysis

The means and standard deviations were calculated for normally distributed continuous variables, and percentages were calculated for categorical variables. The categorical data were analyzed using χ2 test, and continuous variables were analyzed using Student’s t test. Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium (HWE), haplotype analysis and pairwise linkage disequilibrium (LD) analysis were investigated by using SNPStats (available online at http://bioinfo.iconcologia.net/SNPstats). Logistic regression was performed to investigate association between SNP and LOAD by dominant and co- dominant models. All reported P-values were two-tailed, and those less than 0.05 were considered statistically significant.

Generalized multifactor dimensionality reduction (GMDR) [18] was used to analysis the interaction among 4 SNPs, cross-validation consistency, the testing balanced accuracy, and the sign test, to assess each selected interaction were calculated. Permutation testing is also conducted to gain empirical P values of prediction accuracy as a benchmark based on 10,000 shuffles. The cross-validation consistency score is a measure of the degree of consistency with which the selected interaction is identified as the best model among all possibilities considered. Testing-balanced accuracy is a measure of the degree to which the interaction accurately predicts case-control status, and yields a score between 0.50 (indicating that the model predicts no better than chance) and 1.00 (indicating perfect prediction). Finally, the sign test, or permutation test (providing empirical P-values), for prediction accuracy can be used to measure the significance of an identified model.

RESULTS

A total of 880 participants (514 males, 366 females) were selected, including 430 LOAD patients and 450 control subjects. The mean age of all participants was 81.7 ± 15.9 years old. The cases have the higher alcohol- drinking rate than controls. The means of FPG and TG were significantly higher in cases and controls, but the mean of HDL was lower in cases and controls. The mean of ANP concentrations was higher in controls than that in cases (Table 2).

Table 2

General characteristics of 880 study participants in case and control group

Variables	Case group(n=430)	Normal group(n=450)	p-values
Age (year)	81.4±16.1	82.3±15.7	0.401
Males, N (%)	246 (57.2)	268(59.6)	0.480
Smoke, N (%)	151 (35.1)	145(32.2)	0.364
Alcohol consumption, N (%)	188 (43.7)	160 (35.6)	0.013
WC (cm)	89.2±19.8	87.7±19.4	0.257
BMI (kg/m2)	25.1±8.9	24.8±9.1	0.621
FPG (mmol/L)	5.8±1.6	5.5±1.9	0.012
TG (mmol/L)	1.4±0.8	1.3± 0.7	0.048
TC (mmol/L)	4.6±0.8	4.5±0.9	0.082
HDL (mmol/L)	1.21±0.65	1.34±0.63	0.002
Stroke	16 (3.72)	20 (4.44)	0.255
MMSE (scores)	15.16±5.51	29.12±4.97	<0.001
Diabetes	36 (8.37)	43(9.56)	0.539
Educational year	7.5±3.12	7.8±3.31	0.167
ANP (mg/L)	3.65±1.06	5.62±1.23	<0.001

Note: Means± standard deviation for age, WC, BMI, FPG, TC, TG, HDL-C and ANP; Abbreviations:TC, total cholesterol; HDL, high density lipoprotein; FPG, fast plasma glucose; TG, triglyceride; WC, waist circumference; BMI, body mass index; MMSE, mini-mental state examination; ANP, Adiponectin. Those P- values less than 0.05 were considered statistically significant.

The frequencies for rs266729- G allele and rs1501299- T allele in ANP gene were significantly higher in LOAD cases than that in control group (30.4% vs19.4%, 32.6% vs19.9%), and T allele of rs4072111 in IL- 16 was significantly lower in LOAD cases than that in control group (19.9 % vs29.9%). Logistic regression analysis showed that LOAD risk was significantly higher in carriers with rs266729- G allele than those with CC genotype (CG+ GG versus CC), adjusted OR (95%CI) = 1.61 (1.26-1.96), and higher in carriers with rs1501299- T allele than those with GG genotype (GT+ TT versus GG), adjusted OR (95%CI) = 1.62 (1.32-2.12). In addition, we also found LOAD risk was also significantly lower in carriers with rs4072111- T allele than those with CC genotype (CT+ TT versus CC), adjusted OR (95%CI) = 0.65 (0.44-0.93). (Table 3)

Table 3

Genotype and allele frequencies of 4 SNPs between case and control group

Gene/ SNP	Genotypes and Alleles	Frequencies N (%)		OR(95%CI)*	P- values	P- values for HWE test in controls
		Case (n=430)	Control (n=450)
ANP gene
rs266729	Codominant
	CC	213(49.5)	294 (65.3)	1.00		0.550
	CG	173(40.2)	137 (30.5)	1.53(1.22-1.85)	<0.001
	GG	44(10.3)	19 (4.2)	2.10(1.43-2.94)	<0.001
	Dominant
	CC	213(49.5)	294 (65.3)	1.00
	CG +GG	217(50.5)	156 (34.7)	1.61(1.26-1.96)	<0.001
	Allele, G (%)	261(30.4)	175(19.4)
rs1501299	Codominant
	GG	201(46.7)	289(64.2)	1.00		0.953
	GT	178(41.4)	143(31.8)	1.57(1.25-1.98)	<0.001
	TT	51(11.9)	18(4.0)	2.05(1.51-2.72)	<0.001
	Dominant
	GG	201(46.7)	289(64.2)	1.00
	GT+TT	229(53.3)	161(35.8)	1.62(1.32-2.12)	<0.001
	Allele, T (%)	280(32.6)	179(19.9)
IL- 16 gene
rs1131445	Codominant
	TT	251(58.4)	240(53.3)	1.00		0.898
	TC	156(36.3)	178(39.6)	0.75(0.47-1.09)	0.107
	CC	23(5.3)	32(7.1)	0.67(0.32-1.03)	0.092
	Dominant
	TT	251(58.4)	240(53.3)	1.00
	TC+CC	179(41.6)	210(46.7)	0.73(0.44-1.08)	0.103
	Allele, C (%)	202(23.5)	242(26.9)
rs4072111	Codominant
	CC	281(65.3)	229(50.9)	1.00		0.079
	CT	127(29.5)	173(38.4)	0.68(0.47-0.93)	0.0012
	TT	22(5.2)	48(10.7)	0.56(0.26-0.91)	<0.001
	Dominant
	CC	281(65.3)	229(50.9)
	CT+TT	149(34.7)	221(49.1)	0.65(0.44-0.93)	0.001
	Allele, T (%)	171(19.9)	269(29.9)

*Adjusted for gender, age, smoking and alcohol status, BMI, WC, FPG, TC, TG, HDL, educational year, prevalence of stroke, prevalence of diabetes. Those P- values less than 0.05 were considered statistically significant.

We investigate the impact of the interaction among 4 SNPs within ANP and IL- 16 gene on LOAD risk by using GMDR analysis. We found a significant two-locus model (p = 0.0100) involving rs266729 and rs4072111, and the cross-validation consistency of this model was 10/ 10, and the testing accuracy was 60.72%. Participants with CG or GG of rs266729 and CC of rs4072111 genotype have the highest LOAD risk, compared to participants with CC of rs266729 and CT or TT of rs4072111 genotype, OR (95%CI) = 2.62(1.64 -3.58), after covariates adjustment for alcohol consumption status, FPG, TG and HDL (Table 5).

Table 5

Interaction analysis for rs266729 and rs4072111 by using logistic regression

rs266729	rs4072111	OR (95% CI)*	P-values
CC	CT or TT	1.00	-
CG or GG	CT or TT	1.18 (1.04 -1.87)	0.026
CC	CC	1.83 (1.48-2.69)	<0.001
CG or GG	CC	2.62 (1.64 -3.58)	<0.001

*Adjusted for gender, age, smoking and alcohol status, BMI, WC, FPG, TC, TG, HDL, educational year, prevalence of stroke, prevalence of diabetes. Those P- values less than 0.05 were considered statistically significant.

Pairwise LD analysis between SNPs was measured, and D′ value between rs266729 and rs1501299 was 0.826, D′ value between rs1131445 and rs4072111 was 0.861. Haplotype containing the rs266729- G and rs1501299- T alleles were associated with a statistically increased LOAD risk (OR = 1.83, 95%CI = 1.32- 2.43, P < 0.001) (Table 6), and haplotype containing the rs1131445- C and rs4072111- T alleles were associated with a statistically decreased LOAD risk (OR = 0.53, 95%CI = 0.18- 0.95, P = 0.012) (Table 7).

Table 6

Haplotype analysis on association between ANP gene and LOAD risk

Haplotypes	rs266729	rs1501299	Frequencies		OR(95%CI)	p-values*
			Case group	Control group
H1	C	G	0.4601	0.5567	1.00	--
H2	G	G	0.2267	0.2131	1.13 (0.81– 1.62)	0.592
H3	C	T	0.2135	0.1821	1.27 (0.90 - 1.74)	0.602
H4	G	T	0.0997	0.0481	1.83 (1.32 – 2.43)	<0.001

*Adjusted for gender, age, smoking and alcohol status, BMI, WC, FPG, TC, TG, HDL, educational year, prevalence of stroke, prevalence of diabetes.

Those P- values less than 0.05 were considered statistically significant.

Table 7

Haplotype analysis on association between IL- 16 and LOAD risk

Haplotypes	rs1131445	rs4072111	Frequencies		OR(95%CI)	p-values*
			Case group	Control group
H1	T	C	0.5103	0.4367	1.00	--
H2	C	C	0.2624	0.2805	0.67 (0.35 – 1.02)	0.091
H3	T	T	0.1926	0.2101	0.72 (0.49 - 1.06)	0.328
H4	C	T	0.0347	0.0727	0.53 (0.18 – 0.95)	0.012

*Adjusted for gender, age, smoking and alcohol status, BMI, WC, FPG, TC, TG, HDL, educational year, prevalence of stroke, prevalence of diabetes. Those P- values less than 0.05 were considered statistically significant.

DISCUSSION

In the current study, we found that higher LOAD risks were significantly associated with rs266729- G allele and rs1501299- T allele than those with GG genotype. In addition, we also found that lower LOAD risk was associated with rs4072111- T allele. To date, the relationship between ANP gene polymorphism and LOAD risk was not well known, Li et al [15] firstly indicated that the susceptibility to LOAD was higher in carriers of the rs266729- G allele or carriers of the rs1501299- T allele. Previously, studies have involved in ANP gene polymorphisms and the others phenotypes. Studies have suggested that higher circulating ANP concentration was associated with lower AD risk [19, 20]. Recently, Tong et al [21] found that CC allele was associated with lower serum ANP concentrations, and GG genotype was associated with increased metabolic syndrome and insulin resistance risk [13, 22]. In terms of the correlation of LOAD risk with rs1501299, recent studies [14, 23, 24] also found that serum ANP concentrations were lower in carriers of TT allele.

In recent two studies [11, 12], IL- 16 gene was associated with LOAD risk. Khoshbakht et al [12] suggested that rs11556218 and rs4778889 polymorphisms within IL- 16 gene have a protective role in the development of sporadic AD in Iranian population. In the other study conducted by Anvar et al [11] suggested that the rs4072111 variation was associated with increased AD susceptibility in an Iranian population. Rosa et al [9] confirmed that IL-16 proteins may play an important role in progression of neurodegenerative disorders. Regarding to the relationship between rs4072111, rs1131445 and LOAD, the current study was the second study that concluded a positive association between the IL16- rs4072111 polymorphism and LOAD risk. However several studies [25- 27] have reported the association between IL- 16 gene polymorphism and risk of coronary heart disease (CHD) risk in different population. This relation many be another underlying mechanism for LOAD risk reduction by IL- 16 polymorphism, because CHD was also associated with AD risk factors, including obesity, metabolic syndrome, and insulin resistance.

In this study, LOAD risk is influenced by both ANP and IL- 16 gene, so it is interesting to investigate the impact of gene- gene interaction between the two genes on LOAD risk. In this study, GMDR model was used for interaction detection, because there were no dimensional constraints in this model. We found a significant gene- gene interaction between rs266729 and rs4072111. To our knowledge this is the first study for investigating impact of interaction between ANP and IL- 16 gene on LOAD risk in Chinese population. Previously, just two studies [17, 28] focused on the impact of gene- gene interaction on AD risk, which was conducted between APOE and PPAR -γ gene for Spain population and CYP2J2 and PPAR -γ gene for Chinese Han population. The results of this study suggest that ANP genetic variants may modify the influence of IL- 16 gene on AD risk. The underlying mechanisms for this interaction may due to that both SNP were associated with AD risk factors. We also conducted haplotype analysis in ANP gene and IL- 16 gene respectively. We found that haplotype containing the rs266729- G and rs1501299- T alleles in ANP gene were associated with a statistically increased LOAD risk, and haplotype containing the rs1131445- C and rs4072111- T alleles in IL- 16 gene were associated with a statistically decreased LOAD risk

The current study also has some limitations. Firstly, limited number of SNP in ANP and IL- 16 gene are included in current study, and in the future, more SNPs should be included in analysis. Secondly, gene- environment interaction should be investigated in the future studies, such as lifestyle, diet factors and so on. Thirdly, more detailed analysis should be conducted in other populations, for example, the gender and race difference of this relationship.

In conclusion, the results of current study indicated that LOAD risks are significantly higher in carriers with rs266729- G allele than those with CC genotype, and higher in carriers with rs1501299- T allele than those with GG genotype, and lower in carriers with rs4072111- T allele than those with CC genotype. We also found a significant gene- gene interaction between rs266729 and rs4072111, participants with CG or GG of rs266729 and CC of rs4072111 genotype have the highest LOAD risk, compared to participants with CC of rs266729 and CT or TT of rs4072111 genotype. And haplotype containing the rs266729- G and rs1501299- T alleles in ANP gene were associated with a statistically increased LOAD risk, and haplotype containing the rs1131445- C and rs4072111- T alleles in IL- 16 gene were associated with a statistically decreased LOAD risk

Table 4

Best gene–gene interaction models, as identified by GMDR

Locus no.	Best combination	Cross-validation consistency	Testing accuracy	p-values *
2	rs266729 rs4072111	10/10	0.6072	0.0100
3	rs266729 rs4072111 rs1501299	9/10	0.5590	0.0547
4	rs266729 rs4072111 rs1501299 rs1131445	8/10	0.5399	0.3770

*Adjusted for gender, age, smoking and alcohol status, BMI, WC, FPG, TC, TG, HDL, educational year, prevalence of stroke, prevalence of diabetes. Those P- values less than 0.05 were considered statistically significant.