Sperm DNA fragmentation for the evaluation of male infertility: clinical algorithms.

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We acclaim the commentary written by Mirzazadeh and Sadri-Ardekani on our article addressing the clinical utility of sperm DNA fragmentation testing by Agarwal et al. (1). The authors’ contribution is a valuable addition to the clinical debate surrounding this important topic. The authors have not only acknowledged the role of SDF testing in the evaluation of infertile men, but also offered sound algorithms that should further clarify the indications for SDF testing in patients with varicocele, unexplained infertility, recurrent miscarriage, recurrent intrauterine insemination (IUI) and in vitro fertilization (IVF) failure, and recurrent miscarriage after intracytoplasmic sperm injection (ICSI). We thank the authors for their useful addition, and we aim to further elucidate their views in this reply and suggest some changes to their proposed algorithms.

Mirzazadeh and Sadri-Ardekani admitted that despite the current recommendations by the American Urological Association (AUA) (2), American Society for Reproductive Medicine (ASRM) (3) and European Association of Urology (EAU) (4) which generally endorse against the routine use of SDF in the clinical evaluation of infertile men, they still believe that SDF testing plays a significant role in clinical decision making. In fact, clinical recommendations are looked at as best practice statements that aim to guide clinicians on evidence-based approach for management. In this sense, with further research and development into a particular field of medicine, a constant update to the clinical recommendations is periodically required. To this end, numerous studies exploring the effects of SDF on male fertility have been published lately. Good quality studies reporting a significant detrimental relationship between SDF and clinical varicocele (5-7), unexplained infertility (8,9), and outcomes of assisted reproductive treatments (ART) (10-12) were published recently highlighting the need for further updates in the clinical recommendations of the abovementioned societies.

Mirzazadeh and Sadri-Ardekani have pointed out that our practice recommendations contained extensive information on the various laboratory tests used for SDF measurement suggesting that such a discussion may be more applicable for laboratory specialists than clinicians. We disagree with their view on this point as we feel that this information is crucial for clinicians interpreting the SDF results. The main preventing barring widespread adoption of the SDF test is the fact that a variety of SDF test modalities exist results in a misunderstanding of the exact DNA damage that each method tests and the difficulty in recognizing an agreed upon threshold for the SDF abnormality. Therefore, the clinician ordering the SDF test needs to be well acquainted with the method that was performed on his patient to accurately interpret the test result.

The authors have provided an algorithm on the clinical utility of SDF in varicocele patients. While we agree with the authors that this should clarify the intended message, we have modified their algorithm by incorporating the clinical grade of the varicocele (). Perhaps there isn’t a topic in the field of male infertility that was investigated more that varicocele (13). Clinical varicocele is recognized as the most common surgically reversible cause of male infertility. Despite that, clinicians are sometimes faced with equivocal scenarios especially related to lower grades of varicocele resulting in difficulty with clinical decision making. SDF is now believed to be significantly higher in patients with varicocele. A recently published meta-analysis showed that patients with varicoceles had significantly higher SDF than controls, with a mean difference of 9.84% (95% CI, 9.19 to 10.49; P<0.001) (14). This meta-analysis also showed that varicocelectomy improves sperm DNA integrity, with a mean difference of −3.37% (95% CI, −4.09 to −2.65; P<0.001). However, fewer studies have investigated SDF levels in lower grade varicocele. Sadek et al. (15) reported comparable measures of SDF in patients with varicocele grades 2 and 3, though they only detected a statistically significant reduction in SDF after varicocelectomy in patients with clinical grade 3 disease. On the other hand, Ni et al. (7) identified a significant reduction in the protamine-1/2 mRNA ratio in grade 3 varicocele and a significant decrease in DNA fragmentation in grades 2 and 3 diseases after surgery. Protamines 1 and 2 are nuclear proteins which replace histones during spermatogenesis; their ratio has been utilized as a diagnostic marker for male infertility and ART success (16). Additional research is needed to further elucidate the significance of SDF in grades 1/2 varicocele. Nonetheless, varicocelectomy, when appropriately indicated could result in beneficial outcome even in low-grade disease. Krishna Reddy et al. (17) investigated 482 infertile patients with varicocele and reported significant improvement in post-surgery semen parameters among all three groups of varicocele and further revealed that natural pregnancies occurred equally in lower grade varicocele compared with grade 3 varicocele. Therefore, with this updated algorithm we recommend ordering SDF testing in patients with clinical grade 1 varicocele with borderline/abnormal semen parameters and in patients with grades 2/3 varicocele with normal semen parameters. Finding a high SDF result should aid the clinician in recommending surgical ligation of the varicocele.

Figure 1

Algorithm for the clinical utility of sperm DNA fragmentation in patients with varicocele.

Mirzazadeh and Sadri-Ardekani were apparently in full agreement with the clinical utility of SDF in patients with unexplained infertility, recurrent miscarriage and recurrent failure or miscarriage after ART. However, they inadvertently mixed up between unexplained infertility and unexplained recurrent miscarriage which are two different clinical conditions. Based on the available evidence illustrating a significantly higher SDF in patients with unexplained infertility (8), recurrent miscarriage (18-20), recurrent IUI failure (21,22), recurrent IVF failure and recurrent miscarriage after ICSI (22,23), we developed another slight modification to the proposed algorithm by the authors where SDF is indicated in patients presenting with the above mentioned clinical scenarios (). The SDF result shall then guide the practicing clinician in his/her decision so that patients with unexplained infertility and recurrent miscarriage are counseled about the possible outcomes of every ART they wish to perform, while patients with recurrent IUI and IVF failure are offered ICSI with or without physiologic sperm selection. Finally, patients with recurrent miscarriage after ICSI are offered testicular sperm retrieval + ICSI based on the evidence that testicular sperm have lower SDF levels and result in a better ICSI outcome (24).

Figure 2

Algorithm for the clinical utility of sperm DNA fragmentation in assisted reproductive treatments.