Rodrigo Ritter Parcianello1, Victor Mardini2, Keila Maria Mendes Ceresér1,3, Daniel D Langleben4, Fernando Xavier5, Maria Lucrécia Scherer Zavaschi2, Luis Augusto Paim Rhode1,2,6,7, Flávio Pechansky1,7,8, Carolina Gubert3,9, Claudia Maciel Szobot10,11,12. 1. Graduate Program in Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Rua Ramiro Barcelos, 2400, Santa Cecília, Porto Alegre, RS, 90035-003, Brazil. 2. Child and Adolescent Psychiatry Service (SPIA), Hospital de Clínicas de Porto Alegre (HCPA), Rua Ramiro Barcelos, 2350, 4° andar, sala 400N, Santa Cecília, Porto Alegre, RS, 90035-903, Brazil. 3. Laboratory of Molecular Psychiatry and Instituto Nacional de Ciência e Tecnologia Translacional em Medicina (INCT-TM), HCPA, UFRGS, Rua Ramiro Barcelos, 2350, Santa Cecília, Porto Alegre, RS, 90035-903, Brazil. 4. Department of Psychiatry, University of Pennsylvania, Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA. 5. Program in Biomedical Sciences, Centro Universitário Metodista-IPA, Rua Dona Leonor, 340, Rio Branco, Porto Alegre, RS, 90420-004, Brazil. 6. Instituto Nacional de Psiquiatria do Desenvolvimento (INPD), Rua Dr. Ovídio Pires de Campos, 785, 1° andar, sala 6, Ala Sul, Cerqueira Cesar, São Paulo, SP, 05403-010, Brazil. 7. Department of Psychiatry, UFRGS, Rua Ramiro Barcelos, 2400, Santa Cecília, Porto Alegre, RS, 90035-003, Brazil. 8. Center for Drug and Alcohol Research, HCPA, UFRGS, Rua Professor Álvaro Alvim, 400, Rio Branco, Porto Alegre, RS, 90420-020, Brazil. 9. Graduate Program in Biological Sicences, Biochemistry, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Rua Ramiro Barcelos, 2600, Santa Cecília, Porto Alegre, RS, 90035-003, Brazil. 10. Graduate Program in Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Rua Ramiro Barcelos, 2400, Santa Cecília, Porto Alegre, RS, 90035-003, Brazil. cszobot@gmail.com. 11. Child and Adolescent Psychiatry Service (SPIA), Hospital de Clínicas de Porto Alegre (HCPA), Rua Ramiro Barcelos, 2350, 4° andar, sala 400N, Santa Cecília, Porto Alegre, RS, 90035-903, Brazil. cszobot@gmail.com. 12. Center for Drug and Alcohol Research, HCPA, UFRGS, Rua Professor Álvaro Alvim, 400, Rio Branco, Porto Alegre, RS, 90420-020, Brazil. cszobot@gmail.com.
Abstract
BACKGROUND: Cocaine and amphetamine-regulated transcript (CART) is an endogenous antioxidant present since the embryonic period. CART is activated by high levels of dopamine and might be of interested in understanding the changes in the REDOX system associated with crack/cocaine intake. The goal of this study was to determine whether exposure to crack in utero is associated with increased CART levels. METHODS: In this cross-sectional study with consecutive sampling, we compared the umbilical cord blood (UCB) CART levels (μg/mL) of newborns exposed to crack/cocaine in utero (EN, n = 57) to levels in non-exposed newborns (NEN, n = 99). In addition, we compared serum CART levels between EN and NEN mothers, in the immediate postpartum period. Potential confounders, such as perinatal data (e.g., weight, Apgar, etc.), psychopathology (DSM-IV), and use of drugs other than crack (ASSIST) were assessed. RESULTS: According to general linear model analysis, the adjusted mean CART was significantly higher in EN (0.180, 95% CI 0.088-0.272) than in NEN (0.048, 95% CI 0.020-0.076; p < 0.002; d = 0.68). The difference in CART levels between EN and NEN mothers was not significant (p ≥ 0.05). CONCLUSION: The increase in CART levels in EN UBC suggests a response to crack/cocaine-induced oxidative stress during gestational period, as a potential attempt of neuroprotection. In adult women in puerperium, however, this endogenous antioxidant recruitment does not seem to operate.
BACKGROUND:Cocaine and amphetamine-regulated transcript (CART) is an endogenous antioxidant present since the embryonic period. CART is activated by high levels of dopamine and might be of interested in understanding the changes in the REDOX system associated with crack/cocaine intake. The goal of this study was to determine whether exposure to crack in utero is associated with increased CART levels. METHODS: In this cross-sectional study with consecutive sampling, we compared the umbilical cord blood (UCB) CART levels (μg/mL) of newborns exposed to crack/cocaine in utero (EN, n = 57) to levels in non-exposed newborns (NEN, n = 99). In addition, we compared serum CART levels between EN and NEN mothers, in the immediate postpartum period. Potential confounders, such as perinatal data (e.g., weight, Apgar, etc.), psychopathology (DSM-IV), and use of drugs other than crack (ASSIST) were assessed. RESULTS: According to general linear model analysis, the adjusted mean CART was significantly higher in EN (0.180, 95% CI 0.088-0.272) than in NEN (0.048, 95% CI 0.020-0.076; p < 0.002; d = 0.68). The difference in CART levels between EN and NEN mothers was not significant (p ≥ 0.05). CONCLUSION: The increase in CART levels in EN UBC suggests a response to crack/cocaine-induced oxidative stress during gestational period, as a potential attempt of neuroprotection. In adult women in puerperium, however, this endogenous antioxidant recruitment does not seem to operate.
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