Marina Näsman1, Johan Niklasson2, Jan Saarela3, Mikael Nygård1, Birgitta Olofsson4, Mia Conradsson5, Hugo Lövheim5, Yngve Gustafson5, Fredrica Nyqvist1. 1. a Faculty of Education and Welfare Studies, Social Policy Unit , Åbo Akademi University , Vaasa , Finland. 2. b Department of Community Medicine and Rehabilitation, Geriatric Medicine, Sunderby Research Unit , Umeå University , Umeå , Sweden. 3. c Faculty of Education and Welfare studies, Demography Unit , Åbo Akademi University , Vaasa , Finland . 4. d Department of Nursing , Umeå University , Umeå , Sweden. 5. e Department of Community Medicine and Rehabilitation, Geriatric Medicine , Umeå University , Umeå , Sweden.
Abstract
OBJECTIVES: The objectives were to study changes in morale in individuals 85 years and older, and to assess the effect of negative life events on morale over a five-year follow-up period. METHOD: The present study is based on longitudinal data from the Umeå85+/GERDA-study, including individuals 85 years and older at baseline (n = 204). Morale was measured with the Philadelphia Geriatric Center Morale Scale (PGCMS). Negative life events were assessed using an index including 13 negative life events occurring during the follow-up period. Linear regression was used for the multivariate analyses. RESULTS: The majority of the sample (69.1%) had no significant changes in morale during the five-year follow-up. However, the accumulation of negative life events was significantly associated with a greater decrease in PGCMS. A higher baseline PGCMS score did not attenuate the adverse effect negative life events had on morale. CONCLUSION: Morale seemed to be mainly stable in a five-year follow-up of very old people. It seems, nonetheless, that individuals are affected by negative life events, regardless of level of morale. Preventing negative life events and supporting individuals who experience multiple negative life events could have important implications for the care of very old people.
OBJECTIVES: The objectives were to study changes in morale in individuals 85 years and older, and to assess the effect of negative life events on morale over a five-year follow-up period. METHOD: The present study is based on longitudinal data from the Umeå85+/GERDA-study, including individuals 85 years and older at baseline (n = 204). Morale was measured with the Philadelphia Geriatric Center Morale Scale (PGCMS). Negative life events were assessed using an index including 13 negative life events occurring during the follow-up period. Linear regression was used for the multivariate analyses. RESULTS: The majority of the sample (69.1%) had no significant changes in morale during the five-year follow-up. However, the accumulation of negative life events was significantly associated with a greater decrease in PGCMS. A higher baseline PGCMS score did not attenuate the adverse effect negative life events had on morale. CONCLUSION: Morale seemed to be mainly stable in a five-year follow-up of very old people. It seems, nonetheless, that individuals are affected by negative life events, regardless of level of morale. Preventing negative life events and supporting individuals who experience multiple negative life events could have important implications for the care of very old people.
Entities:
Keywords:
Longitudinal studies; life events; mental health; morale
Authors: Yuri Kinoshita; Chihiro Nakayama; Naomi Ito; Nobuaki Moriyama; Hajime Iwasa; Seiji Yasumura Journal: Int J Environ Res Public Health Date: 2022-02-24 Impact factor: 3.390