Merryn Voysey1,2, Thomas R Fanshawe1, Dominic F Kelly2, Katherine L O'Brien3, Rama Kandasamy2, Shrijana Shrestha4, Stephen Thorson4, Jason Hinds5, Andrew J Pollard2. 1. Nuffield Department of Primary Care Health Sciences, University of Oxford, United Kingdom. 2. Oxford Vaccine Group, Department of Paediatrics, University of Oxford, and National Institute for Health Research Oxford Biomedical Research Centre, United Kingdom. 3. International Vaccine Access Center, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland. 4. Paediatric Research Unit, Patan Academy of Health Sciences, Kathmandu, Nepal. 5. Institute for Infection and Immunity, St George's University of London, United Kingdom.
Abstract
Background: Pneumococcal conjugate vaccines (PCVs) provide direct protection against disease in those vaccinated, and interrupt transmission through the prevention of nasopharyngeal (NP) carriage. Methods: We analyzed immunogenicity data from 5224 infants who received PCV in prime-boost schedules. We defined any increase in antibody between the 1-month postpriming visit and the booster dose as an indication of NP carriage ("seroincidence"). We calculated antibody concentrations using receiver operating characteristic curves, and used generalized additive models to compute their protective efficacy against seroincidence. To support seroincidence as a marker of carriage, we compared seroincidence in a randomized immunogenicity trial in Nepal with the serotype-specific prevalence of carriage in the same community. Results: In Nepalese infants, seroincidence of carriage closely correlated with serotype-specific carriage prevalence in the community. In the larger data set, antibody concentrations associated with seroincidence were lowest for serotypes 6B and 23F (0.50 µg/mL and 0.63 µg/mL, respectively), and highest for serotypes 19F and 14 (2.54 µg/mL and 2.48 µg/mL, respectively). The protective efficacy of antibody at these levels was 62% and 74% for serotypes 6B and 23F, and 87% and 84% for serotypes 19F and 14. Protective correlates were on average 2.15 times higher in low/lower middle-income countries than in high/upper middle-income countries (geometric mean ratio, 2.15 [95% confidence interval, 1.46-3.17]; P = .0024). Conclusions: Antibody concentrations associated with protection vary between serotypes. Higher antibody concentrations are required for protection in low-income countries. These findings are important for global vaccination policy, to interrupt transmission by protecting against carriage.
RCT Entities:
Background: Pneumococcal conjugate vaccines (PCVs) provide direct protection against disease in those vaccinated, and interrupt transmission through the prevention of nasopharyngeal (NP) carriage. Methods: We analyzed immunogenicity data from 5224 infants who received PCV in prime-boost schedules. We defined any increase in antibody between the 1-month postpriming visit and the booster dose as an indication of NP carriage ("seroincidence"). We calculated antibody concentrations using receiver operating characteristic curves, and used generalized additive models to compute their protective efficacy against seroincidence. To support seroincidence as a marker of carriage, we compared seroincidence in a randomized immunogenicity trial in Nepal with the serotype-specific prevalence of carriage in the same community. Results: In Nepalese infants, seroincidence of carriage closely correlated with serotype-specific carriage prevalence in the community. In the larger data set, antibody concentrations associated with seroincidence were lowest for serotypes 6B and 23F (0.50 µg/mL and 0.63 µg/mL, respectively), and highest for serotypes 19F and 14 (2.54 µg/mL and 2.48 µg/mL, respectively). The protective efficacy of antibody at these levels was 62% and 74% for serotypes 6B and 23F, and 87% and 84% for serotypes 19F and 14. Protective correlates were on average 2.15 times higher in low/lower middle-income countries than in high/upper middle-income countries (geometric mean ratio, 2.15 [95% confidence interval, 1.46-3.17]; P = .0024). Conclusions: Antibody concentrations associated with protection vary between serotypes. Higher antibody concentrations are required for protection in low-income countries. These findings are important for global vaccination policy, to interrupt transmission by protecting against carriage.
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