Trine Waaktaar1, Kees-Jan Kan2,3, Svenn Torgersen1. 1. Department of Psychology, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway. 2. Department of Biological Psychology, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands. 3. Research Institute of Child Development and Education, Amsterdam, the Netherlands.
Abstract
AIMS: To investigate how use of alcohol, illicit drugs and tobacco come from substance-specific pathways and from pathways general to all three substances through adolescent development. DESIGN: Analysis of population-based survey. Adolescent twins reported alcohol use (AU), tobacco use (TU) and illicit drug use (IDU) in three waves (2006, 2008, 2010). Restructuring data by age allowed for variance decomposition into age- and substance-specific and common genetic and environmental variance components. SETTING: Norway. PARTICIPANTS: Seven national twin birth cohorts from 1988 to 1994, totalling 1483 pairs (558 monozygotic; 925 dizygotic, same and opposite sex). MEASUREMENTS: Six-point Likert scores of AU, TU and IDU on items from the Monitoring the Future Study. FINDINGS: Substance use was found to be highly heritable; a2 = 0.73 [95% confidence interval (CI) = 0.61-0.94] for AU, a2 = 0.36 (CI = 0.18-0.52); d2 = 0.49 (95% CI = 0.29-0.62) for IDU and a2 = 0.46 (95% CI = 0.23-0.54); d2 = 0.05 (95% CI = 0.00-0.07) for TU during the whole adolescence period. General substance use (GSU) was also highly heritable at each age and averaged a2 = 0.57 (95% CI = 0.48-0.66). There was a high genetic carry-over from earlier age to later age. Genetic effects on GSU at ages 12-14 years were still detectable 4 years later. New substance (general and specific)-genetic effects also appeared. IDU demonstrated significant non-additive genetic effects (ages 12-14 years). Shared environment had a small impact on AU only. There was almost no non-shared environmental carry-over from age to age, the effect probably due partly to reliability deficiency. Common genetic effects among substance and substance-specific genetic effects were observed at each age-period. CONCLUSIONS: Among Norwegian adolescents, there appear to be strong genetic effects on both substance-specific and comorbid use of alcohol, illicit drugs and tobacco; individual differences in alcohol use can be explained partially by family background.
AIMS: To investigate how use of alcohol, illicit drugs and tobacco come from substance-specific pathways and from pathways general to all three substances through adolescent development. DESIGN: Analysis of population-based survey. Adolescent twins reported alcohol use (AU), tobacco use (TU) and illicit drug use (IDU) in three waves (2006, 2008, 2010). Restructuring data by age allowed for variance decomposition into age- and substance-specific and common genetic and environmental variance components. SETTING: Norway. PARTICIPANTS: Seven national twin birth cohorts from 1988 to 1994, totalling 1483 pairs (558 monozygotic; 925 dizygotic, same and opposite sex). MEASUREMENTS: Six-point Likert scores of AU, TU and IDU on items from the Monitoring the Future Study. FINDINGS: Substance use was found to be highly heritable; a2 = 0.73 [95% confidence interval (CI) = 0.61-0.94] for AU, a2 = 0.36 (CI = 0.18-0.52); d2 = 0.49 (95% CI = 0.29-0.62) for IDU and a2 = 0.46 (95% CI = 0.23-0.54); d2 = 0.05 (95% CI = 0.00-0.07) for TU during the whole adolescence period. General substance use (GSU) was also highly heritable at each age and averaged a2 = 0.57 (95% CI = 0.48-0.66). There was a high genetic carry-over from earlier age to later age. Genetic effects on GSU at ages 12-14 years were still detectable 4 years later. New substance (general and specific)-genetic effects also appeared. IDU demonstrated significant non-additive genetic effects (ages 12-14 years). Shared environment had a small impact on AU only. There was almost no non-shared environmental carry-over from age to age, the effect probably due partly to reliability deficiency. Common genetic effects among substance and substance-specific genetic effects were observed at each age-period. CONCLUSIONS: Among Norwegian adolescents, there appear to be strong genetic effects on both substance-specific and comorbid use of alcohol, illicit drugs and tobacco; individual differences in alcohol use can be explained partially by family background.
Authors: Marushka L Silveira; Kevin P Conway; Victoria R Green; Karin A Kasza; James D Sargent; Nicolette Borek; Cassandra A Stanton; Amy Cohn; Nahla Hilmi; K Michael Cummings; Raymond S Niaura; Elizabeth Y Lambert; Mary F Brunette; Izabella Zandberg; Susanne E Tanski; Chad J Reissig; Priscilla Callahan-Lyon; Wendy I Slavit; Andrew J Hyland; Wilson M Compton Journal: Drug Alcohol Depend Date: 2018-07-25 Impact factor: 4.492
Authors: Jennifer E Lansford; Natalie Goulter; Jennifer Godwin; Max Crowley; Robert J McMahon; John E Bates; Gregory S Pettit; Mark Greenberg; John E Lochman; Kenneth A Dodge Journal: Addict Behav Date: 2021-04-20 Impact factor: 4.591