Alicia M Allen1, Kim Lundeen2, Lynn E Eberly3, Sharon S Allen4, Mustafa al'Absi5, Myra Muramoto6, Dorothy Hatsukami7. 1. Department of Family & Community Medicine, College of Medicine, University of Arizona, 3950 South Country Club Drive, Suite 330, Tucson, AZ 85714-2238, United States. Electronic address: aliciaallen@email.arizona.edu. 2. Department of Family Medicine & Community Health, Medical School, University of Minnesota, 717 Delaware Street SE, Room 300, Minneapolis, MN 55414, United States. Electronic address: nagel078@umn.edu. 3. Division of Biostatistics, School of Public Health, University of Minnesota, 420 Delaware Street SE, MMC 303 Mayo, Minneapolis, MN 55455, United States. Electronic address: leberly@umn.edu. 4. Department of Family Medicine & Community Health, Medical School, University of Minnesota, 420 Delaware Street SE, Room A682, Minneapolis, MN 55455, United States. Electronic address: allen001@umn.edu. 5. Department of Behavioral Sciences Medical School, University of Minnesota, Duluth, 1035 University Drive, 236 SMed, D601A, Duluth, MN 55812, United States. Electronic address: malabsi@d.umn.edu. 6. Department of Family & Community Medicine, College of Medicine, University of Arizona, 1450 N Cherry Avenue, PO Box 245052, Tucson, AZ 85724-5052, United States. Electronic address: myram@u.arizona.edu. 7. Department of Psychiatry, Medical School, University of Minnesota, 717 Delaware Street SE, Room 260, Minneapolis, MN 55414, United States. Electronic address: hatsu001@umn.edu.
Abstract
INTRODUCTION: While endogenous sex hormones influence smoking-related outcomes, little is known about the role of hormonal contraceptives (HCs). This is despite dated estimates suggesting that HC use is prevalent among female smokers. Therefore, we sought to update estimates of the prevalence of HC use among female smokers and explore the association of HC use with various smoking motives (SMs). METHODS: This online cross-sectional survey recruited female smokers between the ages of 18-35. Survey questions assessed smoking behavior, SMs, use of HCs, and menstrual cycle regularity. RESULTS: Participants (n=734) were, on average (±standard deviation), 20.7±2.7 years old and smoked 7.3±6.7 cigarettes/day. The majority of females reported a history of HC use (85%) and half reported current use (48%). Cyclical HC users (n=227) scored significantly lower on three SMs compared to naturally-cycling women in the follicular phase (n=62) and significantly higher on 15 SMs compared to naturally-cycling women in the luteal phase (n=29). Women on cyclical HCs differed from women on long-acting HCs (n=128) on two SMs. Further, the naturally-cycling women in the follicular phase scoring significantly higher on 15 SMs compared to those in the luteal phase. DISCUSSION: These observations indicate that HC use remains prevalent in female smokers and may influence SMs. Additional research should replicate these observations and explore the implications on smoking cessation outcomes.
INTRODUCTION: While endogenous sex hormones influence smoking-related outcomes, little is known about the role of hormonal contraceptives (HCs). This is despite dated estimates suggesting that HC use is prevalent among female smokers. Therefore, we sought to update estimates of the prevalence of HC use among female smokers and explore the association of HC use with various smoking motives (SMs). METHODS: This online cross-sectional survey recruited female smokers between the ages of 18-35. Survey questions assessed smoking behavior, SMs, use of HCs, and menstrual cycle regularity. RESULTS:Participants (n=734) were, on average (±standard deviation), 20.7±2.7 years old and smoked 7.3±6.7 cigarettes/day. The majority of females reported a history of HC use (85%) and half reported current use (48%). Cyclical HC users (n=227) scored significantly lower on three SMs compared to naturally-cycling women in the follicular phase (n=62) and significantly higher on 15 SMs compared to naturally-cycling women in the luteal phase (n=29). Women on cyclical HCs differed from women on long-acting HCs (n=128) on two SMs. Further, the naturally-cycling women in the follicular phase scoring significantly higher on 15 SMs compared to those in the luteal phase. DISCUSSION: These observations indicate that HC use remains prevalent in female smokers and may influence SMs. Additional research should replicate these observations and explore the implications on smoking cessation outcomes.
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