Thokozile R Malaba1,2, Tamsin Phillips1,2, Stanzi Le Roux1,2, Kirsty Brittain1,2, Allison Zerbe3, Greg Petro4, Agnes Ronan2, James A McIntyre1,5, Elaine J Abrams3,6, Landon Myer1,2. 1. Division of Epidemiology and Biostatistics. 2. Centre for Infectious Disease Epidemiology and Research, School of Public Health and Family Medicine, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa. 3. ICAP, Columbia University, Mailman School of Public Health, New York, NY, USA. 4. Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, New Somerset Hospital, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa. 5. ANOVA Health Institute, Johannesburg, South Africa. 6. College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA.
Abstract
Background: Studies of antiretroviral therapy (ART) use during pregnancy in HIV-infected women have suggested that ART exposure may be associated with adverse birth outcomes. However, there are few data from sub-Saharan Africa where HIV is most common, and few studies involving the World Health Organization's (WHO's) recommended first-line regimens. Methods: We enrolled consecutive HIV-infected pregnant women and a comparator cohort of uninfected women at a primary-level antenatal care facility in Cape Town, South Africa. Gestational assessment combined clinical history, examination and ultrasonography; outcomes included preterm (PTD), low birthweight (LBW) and small for gestational age (SGA) deliveries. In analysis we compared birth outcomes between HIV-infected and -uninfected women, and HIV-infected women who initiated ART before vs during pregnancy. Results: In 1554 women (mean age 29 years) with live singleton births at time of analysis, 82% were HIV-infected, 92% of whom received a first-line regimen of tenofovir, emtricitabine and efavirenz. Overall, higher levels of PTD [22% vs 13%; odds ratio (OR) 1.94, 95% confidence interval (CI): 1.34, 2.82] and LBW (14% vs 9%; OR 1.62, 95% CI: 1.05, 2.29) were observed in HIV-infected vs uninfected women, although SGA deliveries were similar (9% vs 11%; OR 1.06, 95% CI: 0.71, 1.61). Adjusting for demographic characteristics and HIV disease measures, HIV-infected (vs HIV-uninfected) women had persistently increased odds of PTD [adjusted odds ratio (AOR) 2.03; CI 1.33, 3.10]; associations with LBW were attenuated (AOR 1.47; CI 0.90, 2.40). Among all HIV-infected women, there appeared to be no association between the timing of ART initiation (before or during pregnancy) and adverse birth outcomes. Conclusions: These findings suggest that current WHO-recommended ART regimens appear relatively safe in pregnancy, although more data are required to understand the aetiology of preterm delivery in HIV-infected women using ART.
Background: Studies of antiretroviral therapy (ART) use during pregnancy in HIV-infectedwomen have suggested that ART exposure may be associated with adverse birth outcomes. However, there are few data from sub-Saharan Africa where HIV is most common, and few studies involving the World Health Organization's (WHO's) recommended first-line regimens. Methods: We enrolled consecutive HIV-infected pregnant women and a comparator cohort of uninfected women at a primary-level antenatal care facility in Cape Town, South Africa. Gestational assessment combined clinical history, examination and ultrasonography; outcomes included preterm (PTD), low birthweight (LBW) and small for gestational age (SGA) deliveries. In analysis we compared birth outcomes between HIV-infected and -uninfected women, and HIV-infectedwomen who initiated ART before vs during pregnancy. Results: In 1554 women (mean age 29 years) with live singleton births at time of analysis, 82% were HIV-infected, 92% of whom received a first-line regimen of tenofovir, emtricitabine and efavirenz. Overall, higher levels of PTD [22% vs 13%; odds ratio (OR) 1.94, 95% confidence interval (CI): 1.34, 2.82] and LBW (14% vs 9%; OR 1.62, 95% CI: 1.05, 2.29) were observed in HIV-infected vs uninfected women, although SGA deliveries were similar (9% vs 11%; OR 1.06, 95% CI: 0.71, 1.61). Adjusting for demographic characteristics and HIV disease measures, HIV-infected (vs HIV-uninfected) women had persistently increased odds of PTD [adjusted odds ratio (AOR) 2.03; CI 1.33, 3.10]; associations with LBW were attenuated (AOR 1.47; CI 0.90, 2.40). Among all HIV-infectedwomen, there appeared to be no association between the timing of ART initiation (before or during pregnancy) and adverse birth outcomes. Conclusions: These findings suggest that current WHO-recommended ART regimens appear relatively safe in pregnancy, although more data are required to understand the aetiology of preterm delivery in HIV-infectedwomen using ART.
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