D Rivera1, C Salinas2, D Ramos-Usuga3, I D Delgado-Mejía4, Y Vasallo Key5, G P Hernández Agurcia6, J Valencia Vásquez7, C E García-Guerrero8, C García de la Cadena9, B V Rabago Barajas10, I Romero-García11, A I Campos Varillas3, M Sánchez-SanSegundo12, A Galvao-Carmona13, L Lara14, E J Granja Gilbert15, P Martín-Lobo16, J Velázquez-Cardoso17, A Caracuel18, J C Arango-Lasprilla1,19. 1. BioCruces Health Research Institute, Cruces University Hospital, Barakaldo, Spain. 2. Space Coast Neuropsychology center, Melbourne, USA. 3. Research Center CERNEP, Almeria University, Almería, Spain. 4. Universidad Autónoma de Asunción (UAA), Asunción, Paraguay. 5. National Institute of Neurology and Neurosurgery INN, Havana, Cuba. 6. Escuela de Ciencias Psicológicas, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de Honduras, Tegucigalpa, Honduras. 7. Universidad Católica San Pablo, Arequipa, Perú. 8. Mindpedia Centro de Psicología Avanzada, Monterrey, México. 9. Departamento de Psicología, Universidad del Valle de Guatemala, Guatemala City, Guatemala. 10. Departamento de Neurociencias, Universidad de Guadalajara (CUCS), Guadalajara, México. 11. Universidad Interamericana de Puerto Rico, Recinto de San Germán, Puerto Rico. 12. Department of Health Psychology, University of Alicante, Spain. 13. Department of Psychology, Universidad Loyola Andalucía, Sevilla, Spain. 14. Universidad Autónoma de Chile, Talca, Chile. 15. Escuela de Psicología, Universidad de Las Américas, Quito, Ecuador. 16. Universidad Internacional de la Rioja (UNIR), Logroño, Spain. 17. Instituto Nacional de Neurología y Neurocirugía, MVS, Ciudad de México, México. 18. CIMCYC-The Mind, Brain and Behaviour Research Centre, Universidad de Granada, Granada, Spain. 19. IKERBASQUE, Basque Foundation for Science, Bilbao, Spain.
Abstract
OBJECTIVE: To generate normative data for the Concentration Endurance Test (d2) in Spanish-speaking pediatric populations. METHOD: The sample consisted of 4,373 healthy children from nine countries in Latin America (Chile, Cuba, Ecuador, Guatemala, Honduras, Mexico, Paraguay, Peru, and Puerto Rico) and Spain. Each participant was administered the d2 test as part of a larger neuropsychological battery. The Total number of items processed (TN), Total number of correct responses (CR), Total performance (TP), and Concentration performance (CP) scores were normed using multiple linear regressions and standard deviations of residual values. Age, age2, sex, and mean level of parental education (MLPE) were included as predictors in the analyses. RESULTS: The final multiple linear regression models showed main effects for age on all scores, such that scores increased linearly as a function of age. TN scores were affected by age2 for Guatemala and Puerto Rico; CR scores were affected by age2 for Mexico; TP scores were affected by age2 for Chile, Mexico, Puerto Rico, and Spain; and CP scores for Mexico and Spain. Models indicated that children whose parents had a MLPE >12 years obtained higher scores compared to children whose parents had a MLPE≤12 years for Mexico and Spain in all scores, and Puerto Rico for TN, CR, and TP, and Guatemala and Paraguay for CP scores. Sex affect the scores for Ecuador and Honduras (CP scores). CONCLUSIONS: This is the largest Spanish-speaking pediatric normative study in the world, and it will allow neuropsychologists from these countries to have a more accurate approach to interpret the d2 test in pediatric populations.
OBJECTIVE: To generate normative data for the Concentration Endurance Test (d2) in Spanish-speaking pediatric populations. METHOD: The sample consisted of 4,373 healthy children from nine countries in Latin America (Chile, Cuba, Ecuador, Guatemala, Honduras, Mexico, Paraguay, Peru, and Puerto Rico) and Spain. Each participant was administered the d2 test as part of a larger neuropsychological battery. The Total number of items processed (TN), Total number of correct responses (CR), Total performance (TP), and Concentration performance (CP) scores were normed using multiple linear regressions and standard deviations of residual values. Age, age2, sex, and mean level of parental education (MLPE) were included as predictors in the analyses. RESULTS: The final multiple linear regression models showed main effects for age on all scores, such that scores increased linearly as a function of age. TN scores were affected by age2 for Guatemala and Puerto Rico; CR scores were affected by age2 for Mexico; TP scores were affected by age2 for Chile, Mexico, Puerto Rico, and Spain; and CP scores for Mexico and Spain. Models indicated that children whose parents had a MLPE >12 years obtained higher scores compared to children whose parents had a MLPE≤12 years for Mexico and Spain in all scores, and Puerto Rico for TN, CR, and TP, and Guatemala and Paraguay for CP scores. Sex affect the scores for Ecuador and Honduras (CP scores). CONCLUSIONS: This is the largest Spanish-speaking pediatric normative study in the world, and it will allow neuropsychologists from these countries to have a more accurate approach to interpret the d2 test in pediatric populations.
Entities:
Keywords:
Attention; Concentration Endurance Test (d2); Spanish-speaking populations; neuropsychology; pediatric population
Authors: Javier De Las Heras; Ibai Diez; Antonio Jimenez-Marin; Alberto Cabrera; Daniela Ramos-Usuga; Marta Venecia Diaz-Fernandez; Leire Torices; Caroline E Nunes-Xavier; Rafael Pulido; Juan Carlos Arango-Lasprilla; Jesus M Cortes Journal: J Clin Med Date: 2020-04-02 Impact factor: 4.241
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