Babette L R Reijs1, Stephanie J B Vos1, Hilkka Soininen2,3, Jyrki Lötjonen4,5, Juha Koikkalainen4,5, Maria Pikkarainen2, Anette Hall2, Ritva Vanninen6, Yawu Liu2,6, Sanna-Kaisa Herukka2,3, Yvonne Freund-Levi7, Giovanni B Frisoni8, Lutz Frölich9, Flavio Nobili10, Marcel Olde Rikkert11, Luiza Spiru12, Magda Tsolaki13, Åsa K Wallin14, Philip Scheltens15, Frans Verhey1, Pieter Jelle Visser1,15. 1. Department of Psychiatry and Neuropsychology, School for Mental Health and Neuroscience, Alzheimer Center Limburg, Maastricht University, Maastricht, The Netherlands. 2. Institute of Clinical Medicine, Neurology, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland. 3. Department of Neurology, Kuopio University Hospital, Kuopio, Finland. 4. VTT Technical Research Centre of Finland, Tampere, Finland. 5. Combinostics Oy, Tampere, Finland. 6. Department of Radiology, Kuopio University Hospital, Kuopio, Finland. 7. Department of NVS, Section of Clinical Geriatrics, Karolinska Institutet, Karolinska University Hospital, Huddinge, Sweden. 8. LENITEM, IRCCS Fatebenefratelli, Brescia. 9. Department of Geriatric Psychiatry, Medical Faculty Mannheim, University of Heidelberg, Germany. 10. Department of Neuroscience (DINOGMI), Clinical Neurology, University of Genoa and IRCCS AOU San Martino-IST Genoa, Italy. 11. Department of Geriatrics, Radboud University Medical Centre, Nijmegen, The Netherlands. 12. Carol Davila' University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Bucharest, Romania. 13. Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Memory and Dementia Centre, G. Papanicolaore General Hospital, Thessaloniki, Greece. 14. Department of Clinical Sciences Malmö, Clinical Memory Research Unit, Lund University, Sweden. 15. Department of Neurology and Alzheimer Center, VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
Abstract
BACKGROUND: Lifestyle factors have been associated with the risk of dementia, but the association with Alzheimer's disease (AD) remains unclear. OBJECTIVE: To examine the association between later life lifestyle factors and AD biomarkers (i.e., amyloid-β 1-42 (Aβ42) and tau in cerebrospinal fluid (CSF), and hippocampal volume) in individuals with subjective cognitive decline (SCD) and mild cognitive impairment (MCI). In addition, to examine the effect of later life lifestyle factors on developing AD-type dementia in individuals with MCI. METHODS: We selected individuals with SCD (n = 111) and MCI (n = 353) from the DESCRIPA and Kuopio Longitudinal MCI studies. CSF Aβ42 and tau concentrations were assessed with ELISA assay and hippocampal volume with multi-atlas segmentation. Lifestyle was assessed by clinical interview at baseline for: social activity, physical activity, cognitive activity, smoking, alcohol consumption, and sleep. We performed logistic and Cox regression analyses adjusted for study site, age, gender, education, and diagnosis. Prediction for AD-type dementia was performed in individuals with MCI only. RESULTS: Later life lifestyle factors were not associated with AD biomarkers or with conversion to AD-type dementia. AD biomarkers were strongly associated with conversion to AD-type dementia, but these relations were not modulated by lifestyle factors. Apolipoprotein E (APOE) genotype did not influence the results. CONCLUSIONS: Later life lifestyle factors had no impact on key AD biomarkers in individuals with SCD and MCI or on conversion to AD-type dementia in MCI.
BACKGROUND: Lifestyle factors have been associated with the risk of dementia, but the association with Alzheimer's disease (AD) remains unclear. OBJECTIVE: To examine the association between later life lifestyle factors and AD biomarkers (i.e., amyloid-β 1-42 (Aβ42) and tau in cerebrospinal fluid (CSF), and hippocampal volume) in individuals with subjective cognitive decline (SCD) and mild cognitive impairment (MCI). In addition, to examine the effect of later life lifestyle factors on developing AD-type dementia in individuals with MCI. METHODS: We selected individuals with SCD (n = 111) and MCI (n = 353) from the DESCRIPA and Kuopio Longitudinal MCI studies. CSF Aβ42 and tau concentrations were assessed with ELISA assay and hippocampal volume with multi-atlas segmentation. Lifestyle was assessed by clinical interview at baseline for: social activity, physical activity, cognitive activity, smoking, alcohol consumption, and sleep. We performed logistic and Cox regression analyses adjusted for study site, age, gender, education, and diagnosis. Prediction for AD-type dementia was performed in individuals with MCI only. RESULTS: Later life lifestyle factors were not associated with AD biomarkers or with conversion to AD-type dementia. AD biomarkers were strongly associated with conversion to AD-type dementia, but these relations were not modulated by lifestyle factors. Apolipoprotein E (APOE) genotype did not influence the results. CONCLUSIONS: Later life lifestyle factors had no impact on key AD biomarkers in individuals with SCD and MCI or on conversion to AD-type dementia in MCI.
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