Novel and Unexpected Functions of SGLTs.

It has been 30 years since the intestinal sodium glucose cotransporter SGLT1 was cloned, and, in the intervening years, there have been many advances that have influenced physiology and medicine. Among the first was that SGLT1 is the founding member of the human gene family SLC5, containing 11 diverse transporters and a glucose sensor. Equally surprising was that SGLTs are members of a structural family of cotransporters and exchangers in different gene families. This led to the conclusion that these proteins operate by a mechanism where transport involves the opening and closing of external and internal gates. The mechanism is shared by a wide variety of transporters in different structural families, e.g., the human facilitated glucose transporters (SLC2) in the huge major facilitator superfamily (MFS). Not surprising is the finding that mutations in Sglt genes cause the rare diseases glucose-galactose-malabsorption (GGM) and familial renal glucosuria (FRG). However, it was not envisaged that SGLT inhibitors would be used to treat diabetes mellitus, and these drugs may be able to treat cancer. Finally, in 2017, we have just learned that SGLT1 may be required to resist infection and to avoid recurrent pregnancy loss.