End-of-life Management of Leadless Cardiac Pacemaker Therapy.

The clinically available leadless pacemakers for patients with a single-chamber pacing indication have shown to be safe and effective. However, the optimal end-of-life strategy of this novel technique is undefined. Suggested strategies comprise of (a) placing an additional leadless device adjacent to the leadless pacemaker, or (b) retrieving the non-functioning leadless pacemaker and subsequently implanting a new device. Although initial studies demonstrate promising results, early experience of acute and mid-term retrieval feasibility and safety remains mixed. We suggest that the approach of leadless pacemaker retrieval is more appealing to limit the amount of non-functioning intracardiac hardware. In addition, potential risks for device-device interference, and unknown long-term complications associated with multiple intracardiac devices are prevented. The potential inability to retrieve chronically implanted leadless pacemakers limits the application of this novel technology. Therefore, long-term prospective analysis is required to define the most optimal end-of-life strategy.