Cytarabine and daunorubicin for the treatment of acute myeloid leukemia.

INTRODUCTION: Acute myeloid leukemia (AML) is the most common acute forms of leukemia in adults. It has a poor long-term survival with a high relapse rate and at relapse, is commonly resistant to available therapies. The current combination of daunorubicin (DNR) for three days and cytarabine (Ara-C) as a continuous infusion for seven days, more commonly known as '3 + 7' has remained essentially unaltered over the last forty-four years and remains the standard induction regimen internationally. Areas covered: This paper will briefly review clinically important trials related to '3 + 7'. Somatic mutations in AML that are linked to chemoresistance to '3 + 7'will be discussed. Other topics covered include the novel ratiometric agent containing daunorubicin and cytarabine, CPX-351, and midostaurin in FLT3 mutated AML. Expert opinion: '3 + 7' continues to be the backbone of therapy for AML. However, genetic risk stratification should be used to determine patients who are unlikely to respond to standard intensive chemotherapy and hence, should be enrolled onto a clinical trial upfront. This will facilitate development of newer effective treatment strategies in AML. Patients with mutations that are associated with chemoresistance should be offered therapies which may circumvent or overcome these pathways.