Kristie Garza1, Tanja Jovanovic2,3. 1. Neuroscience Program, Graduate Division of Biological and Biomedical Sciences, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA. 2. Neuroscience Program, Graduate Division of Biological and Biomedical Sciences, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA. tjovano@emory.edu. 3. Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Emory University School of Medicine, 49 Jesse Hill Jr Dr NE, Suite 331, Atlanta, GA, 30303, USA. tjovano@emory.edu.
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW: This review examines the recent literature on biological factors that influence sex differences in posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) during childhood and adolescence, focusing on neurobiological, hormonal, and genetic factors that may increase risk in girls. RECENT FINDINGS: More than 60% of children and adolescents are exposed to traumatic events, and many develop PTSD. There is increasing recognition of gender differences in PTSD, with women having double the rates of the disorder compared to men. These gender differences in symptoms and their underlying neurobiology appear to emerge during adolescence, although it is still unclear which biological mechanisms may play key roles in the development of sex difference. The literature on gender effects in children and adolescents is still in the early stages, and more prospective and longitudinal work is needed; however, estrogen appears to play a key role in increasing risk for PTSD in girls, which emerges in adolescence.
PURPOSE OF REVIEW: This review examines the recent literature on biological factors that influence sex differences in posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) during childhood and adolescence, focusing on neurobiological, hormonal, and genetic factors that may increase risk in girls. RECENT FINDINGS: More than 60% of children and adolescents are exposed to traumatic events, and many develop PTSD. There is increasing recognition of gender differences in PTSD, with women having double the rates of the disorder compared to men. These gender differences in symptoms and their underlying neurobiology appear to emerge during adolescence, although it is still unclear which biological mechanisms may play key roles in the development of sex difference. The literature on gender effects in children and adolescents is still in the early stages, and more prospective and longitudinal work is needed; however, estrogen appears to play a key role in increasing risk for PTSD in girls, which emerges in adolescence.
Entities:
Keywords:
Adolescence; Development; Estrogen; PTSD; Puberty; Sex differences
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