I Wille1, A Mayr2, P Kreidl3, C Brühwasser1, G Hinterberger3, A Fritz1, W Posch3, S Fuchs3, A Obwegeser4, D Orth-Höller3, C Lass-Flörl1. 1. Division of Hygiene and Medical Microbiology, Department of Hygiene, Microbiology and Public Health, Medical University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria; Christian Doppler Laboratory for Invasive Fungal Infections, Innsbruck, Austria. 2. Division of Hygiene and Medical Microbiology, Department of Hygiene, Microbiology and Public Health, Medical University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria; Christian Doppler Laboratory for Invasive Fungal Infections, Innsbruck, Austria. Electronic address: astrid.mayr@i-med.ac.at. 3. Division of Hygiene and Medical Microbiology, Department of Hygiene, Microbiology and Public Health, Medical University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria. 4. Department of Neurosurgery, University Hospital of Innsbruck, Austria.
Abstract
BACKGROUND: In intensive care units (ICUs), inanimate surfaces and equipment may be contaminated by nosocomial pathogens, including multi-drug-resistant micro-organisms. AIMS: To assess the degree of environmental contamination close to and distant from patients, and contamination of healthcare workers' (HCWs) hands with nosocomial pathogens under real-life conditions and to investigate potential transmission events. METHODS: Over the course of three weeks, agar contact samples were taken close to and distant from patient areas and from HCWs' hands in eight ICUs of a tertiary care hospital in Innsbruck, Austria. Each ICU was visited once without announcement. Species identification and antimicrobial susceptibility testing were performed according to standard methods, and corresponding strains from patient, environment and hand samples were genotyped using pulsed-field gel electrophoresis. FINDINGS: Among 523 samples, HCWs' hands were most frequently contaminated with potentially pathogenic bacteria (15.2%), followed by areas close to patients (10.9%) and areas distant from patients (9.1%). Gram-positive bacteria were identified most often (67.8%), with Enterococcus spp. being the most prevalent species (70% vancomycin sensitive and 30% vancomycin resistant) followed by Staphylococcus aureus, of which 64% were classified as meticillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus. Molecular typing documented identical strains among patient, environment and hand isolates. CONCLUSION: This study found widespread contamination of the ICU environment with clinically relevant pathogens, including multi-drug-resistant micro-organisms, despite cleaning and disinfection. The bioburden might not be restricted to areas close to patients. The role of extended environmental disinfection of areas distant from patients in order to improve infection prevention needs further discussion.
BACKGROUND: In intensive care units (ICUs), inanimate surfaces and equipment may be contaminated by nosocomial pathogens, including multi-drug-resistant micro-organisms. AIMS: To assess the degree of environmental contamination close to and distant from patients, and contamination of healthcare workers' (HCWs) hands with nosocomial pathogens under real-life conditions and to investigate potential transmission events. METHODS: Over the course of three weeks, agar contact samples were taken close to and distant from patient areas and from HCWs' hands in eight ICUs of a tertiary care hospital in Innsbruck, Austria. Each ICU was visited once without announcement. Species identification and antimicrobial susceptibility testing were performed according to standard methods, and corresponding strains from patient, environment and hand samples were genotyped using pulsed-field gel electrophoresis. FINDINGS: Among 523 samples, HCWs' hands were most frequently contaminated with potentially pathogenic bacteria (15.2%), followed by areas close to patients (10.9%) and areas distant from patients (9.1%). Gram-positive bacteria were identified most often (67.8%), with Enterococcus spp. being the most prevalent species (70% vancomycin sensitive and 30% vancomycin resistant) followed by Staphylococcus aureus, of which 64% were classified as meticillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus. Molecular typing documented identical strains among patient, environment and hand isolates. CONCLUSION: This study found widespread contamination of the ICU environment with clinically relevant pathogens, including multi-drug-resistant micro-organisms, despite cleaning and disinfection. The bioburden might not be restricted to areas close to patients. The role of extended environmental disinfection of areas distant from patients in order to improve infection prevention needs further discussion.
Authors: Michael G Schmidt; Hubert H Attaway; Sarah E Fairey; Jayna Howard; Denise Mohr; Stephanie Craig Journal: Appl Environ Microbiol Date: 2019-12-13 Impact factor: 4.792
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Authors: Bernd Neumann; Karola Prior; Jennifer K Bender; Dag Harmsen; Ingo Klare; Stephan Fuchs; Astrid Bethe; Daniela Zühlke; André Göhler; Stefan Schwarz; Kirsten Schaffer; Katharina Riedel; Lothar H Wieler; Guido Werner Journal: J Clin Microbiol Date: 2019-02-27 Impact factor: 5.948
Authors: Peter Kreidl; Astrid Mayr; Guido Hinterberger; Michael Berktold; Ludwig Knabl; Stefan Fuchs; Wilfried Posch; Stephan Eschertzhuber; Alois Obwegeser; Cornelia Lass-Flörl; Dorothea Orth-Höller Journal: Antimicrob Resist Infect Control Date: 2018-07-18 Impact factor: 4.887