Sarah Tebeka1, Baptiste Pignon2, Ali Amad3, Yann Le Strat4, Clara Brichant-Petitjean5, Pierre Thomas6, Guillaume Vaiva6, Jean-Luc Roelandt7, Imane Benradia7, Bruno Etain8, Benjamin Rolland9, Caroline Dubertret4, Pierre A Geoffroy8. 1. APHP, Louis Mourier, Department of Psychiatry, Colombes, France; Centre for Psychiatry and Neurosciences, Inserm (French National Institute of Health and Medical Research) U894, Paris, France; University Paris 7 Denis Diderot, Faculty of Medicine, Paris, France. Electronic address: sarah.tebeka@aphp.fr. 2. Inserm (French National Institute of Health and Medical Research), U955, team 15, Créteil, France; AP-HP, DHU PePSY, Hôpitaux universitaires Henri-Mondor, Pôle de Psychiatrie et d'Addictologie, Créteil, France; Fondation FondaMental, Créteil, France; UPEC, University Paris-Est, Faculté de médecine, Créteil, France. 3. Univ Lille, CNRS UMR-9193 (SCA-Lab), France; CHU Lille, Hôpital Fontan (CURE), F-59000 Lille, France. 4. APHP, Louis Mourier, Department of Psychiatry, Colombes, France; Centre for Psychiatry and Neurosciences, Inserm (French National Institute of Health and Medical Research) U894, Paris, France; University Paris 7 Denis Diderot, Faculty of Medicine, Paris, France. 5. EPS Maison Blanche, Hôpital Henri Ey, Secteur 75G20-21, Paris, France. 6. Univ Lille, CNRS UMR-9193 (SCA-Lab), France; CHU Lille, Hôpital Fontan (CURE), F-59000 Lille, France; Fédération régionale de recherche en santé mentale (F2RSM) Nord - Pas-de-Calais, F-59000 Lille, France. 7. Inserm, UMRS 1123, ECEVE - University Paris Diderot, Site Villemin 10 avenue de Verdun, Paris F-75010, France; WHO Collaborating Centre for Research and Training in Mental Health, EPSM LilleMétropole, 211 Rue Roger Salengro, 59260 Hellemmes-Lille France. 8. University Paris 7 Denis Diderot, Faculty of Medicine, Paris, France; Fondation FondaMental, Créteil, France; Inserm, U1144, Paris F-75006, France; AP-HP, GH Saint-Louis - Lariboisière - F. Widal, Pôle de Psychiatrie et de Médecine Addictologique, 75475 Paris cedex 10, France; Université Paris Descartes, UMR-S 1144, Paris F-75006, France. 9. PSYR2, CNRL, Inserm U1028 / CNRS UMR5292, Université Lyon 1, Bron, France; Pôle UP-MOPHA, CH le Vinatier, Bron, France.
Abstract
OBJECTIVE: Sadness is both a common experience in general population and one of the main criteria of major depressive disorder (MDD). We tested the hypothesis of a depressive continuum using sadness as an intermediate experience between well-being and disorder. METHODS: A French cross-sectional Mental Health survey in General Population interviewed 38,694 individuals. We examined prevalences and compared sociodemographic correlates and psychiatric disorders of individuals in 3 independent groups 1) MDD, 2) sadness without MDD, and 3) controls. RESULTS: The prevalence of sadness was of 29.8% in the whole sample and of 93% in subjects suffering from MDD (n = 4976). The "sadness" group shared the same sociodemographic patterns as the "MDD" group. All psychiatric disorders assessed (i.e. bipolar disorder, anxiety disorder, alcohol use disorder, psychotic disorder and suicide attempts) were significantly associated with both "sadness" and "MDD" groups compared to "controls". Individuals with sadness, compared to those with MDD, were significantly less likely to meet the criteria for all psychiatric disorders. MDD's sensitivity of sadness was 94,2%. LIMITATIONS: Even though we used a quota sampling method, the sample was not strictly representative of the general population. CONCLUSION: Sadness validates the depressive continuum hypothesis, since it is more frequent in the general population than MDD itself and at the same time shares with MDD the same sociodemographic and clinical correlates. A gradual association from controls to MDD was observed for psychiatric comorbidities. Finally, the high sensitivity of sadness may suggest its use to screen at-risk individuals converting from well-being to full psychiatric disorders.
OBJECTIVE: Sadness is both a common experience in general population and one of the main criteria of major depressive disorder (MDD). We tested the hypothesis of a depressive continuum using sadness as an intermediate experience between well-being and disorder. METHODS: A French cross-sectional Mental Health survey in General Population interviewed 38,694 individuals. We examined prevalences and compared sociodemographic correlates and psychiatric disorders of individuals in 3 independent groups 1) MDD, 2) sadness without MDD, and 3) controls. RESULTS: The prevalence of sadness was of 29.8% in the whole sample and of 93% in subjects suffering from MDD (n = 4976). The "sadness" group shared the same sociodemographic patterns as the "MDD" group. All psychiatric disorders assessed (i.e. bipolar disorder, anxiety disorder, alcohol use disorder, psychotic disorder and suicide attempts) were significantly associated with both "sadness" and "MDD" groups compared to "controls". Individuals with sadness, compared to those with MDD, were significantly less likely to meet the criteria for all psychiatric disorders. MDD's sensitivity of sadness was 94,2%. LIMITATIONS: Even though we used a quota sampling method, the sample was not strictly representative of the general population. CONCLUSION: Sadness validates the depressive continuum hypothesis, since it is more frequent in the general population than MDD itself and at the same time shares with MDD the same sociodemographic and clinical correlates. A gradual association from controls to MDD was observed for psychiatric comorbidities. Finally, the high sensitivity of sadness may suggest its use to screen at-risk individuals converting from well-being to full psychiatric disorders.
Authors: Gerhard Müller; Manuela Bombana; Monika Heinzel-Gutenbrenner; Nikolaus Kleindienst; Martin Bohus; Lisa Lyssenko; Ruben Vonderlin Journal: BMC Public Health Date: 2021-03-31 Impact factor: 3.295
Authors: Ryan D Burns; Yang Bai; Christopher D Pfledderer; Timothy A Brusseau; Wonwoo Byun Journal: Int J Environ Res Public Health Date: 2020-09-20 Impact factor: 3.390