Regional evidence and international recommendations to guide lipid management in Asian patients with type 2 diabetes with special reference to renal dysfunction.

The anticipated increase in the prevalence and incidence of type 2 diabetes in Asia, and its associated cardiovascular-renal complications, will place a significant burden on patients, caregivers, and society. Despite the proven effectiveness of lipid management in reducing these complications, there are major treatment gaps, especially in Asian patients with young-onset diabetes and chronic kidney disease (CKD). Recent international guidelines recommended the adoption of absolute risk estimation of atherosclerosis and cardiovascular disease to guide treatment intensity. These recommendations replaced the previous strategy of using low-density lipoprotein cholesterol targets to guide initiation and intensification of lipid lowering, albeit still widely practiced in Asia. The latest guidelines also highlight the high risk of atherosclerosis and cardiovascular disease (ASCVD) for people with diabetes, who should be protected with statins, except for young patients without other risk factors, who will need yearly monitoring of blood lipid levels. Given the propensity of Asian patients with diabetes to develop CKD and the amplifying effect of CKD on ASCVD, the use of statins in Asian patients is particularly important. Due to interethnic differences in drug metabolism, rosuvastatin, which is largely cleared by the kidney, should be prescribed in low dosages (5-10 mg daily) in Asian populations. Conversely, epidemiological and experimental data confirm pleotropic and organ-protective effects of atorvastatin, with proven safety in Asian populations within a daily dose range of 10-40 mg. Thus, there is a need for Asian countries to review and align their lipid-lowering treatment guidelines to reduce the substantial burden of diabetes in the Asian region.