Pharmacological therapies for pain in Parkinson's disease - a review paper.

INTRODUCTION: Parkinson's disease (PD) is a neurodegenerative movement disorder characterized by the loss of dopamine containing cells in the substantia nigra, with pain being one of the most common, yet frequently misunderstood symptoms. The prevalence of pain in PD populations ranges from 40-85% and is usually categorized under the following types: i) musculoskeletal pain ii) radicular and neuropathic pain iii) dystonia-related pain iv) akathitic pain and iv) central parkinsonian pain. Areas covered: The aim of this literature review was to document and present the common and uncommon pharmaceutical therapies that treat and/or alleviate these types of pain in PD. The PubMed database was searched with keywords: "Parkinson's disease", "Pain", and "Pharmacological Therapies". Research articles involving randomized, controlled trials were included as well as case studies and qualitative studies. Expert commentary: Given the increased prevalence of pain in PD populations, there is a need for a clear understanding of the types of pain treatments available and how they can be best combined to fit the specific needs of each patient.